HomeMy WebLinkAboutAgenda - 10-03-2017 - 4-a - Endorsement of Proposed National Register of Historic Places Nomination for the Efland Home (NC Industrial Home for Colored Girls) 1
ORANGE COUNTY
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
ACTION AGENDA ITEM ABSTRACT
Meeting Date: October 3, 2017
Action Agenda
Item No. 4-a
SUBJECT: Endorsement of Proposed National Register of Historic Places Nomination for
the Efland Home (NC Industrial Home for Colored Girls)
DEPARTMENT: Environment, Agriculture, Parks
& Recreation (DEAPR)
ATTACHMENT(S): INFORMATION CONTACT:
1) Excerpt from National Register Peter Sandbeck, 245-2517
Nomination
2) Brochure about the Efland Home,
circa 1930-31
3) September 27, 2017 Letter from
Historic Preservation Commission
Chair
4) Elected Official Comment Letter
PURPOSE: To consider the Historic Preservation Commission's recommendation that the
historic property known as the Efland Home be submitted for listing in the National Register of
Historic Places, and to authorize the Chair to sign the attached Elected Official Comment Letter.
BACKGROUND: The process for listing a property in the National Register of Historic Places
includes a provision allowing the BOCC to offer an opinion for or against the listing of a
particular historic property within its jurisdiction. The owners of the Efland Home initiated the
National Register Nomination process for their property as part of their long-term effort to protect
the property and ensure that its important history is documented and shared.
The Historic Preservation Commission undertook this project to prepare the National Register
Nomination as one of its program goals for 2017. Funding was provided through the County's
Lands Legacy Program, which includes as one of its priorities the protection of "lands of historic,
cultural, or archaeological significance". The Historic Preservation Commission (HPC) fully
supports the nomination of this property to the National Register. The Commission held an
informational meeting and received public comment about this National Register Nomination at
its regular meeting on September 27, 2017. A letter from the HPC Chair in follow-up to that
meeting is provided at Attachment 3.
The National Register is an honorary designation that carries no local regulatory burden but
does provide a federal and state process for protection in the case of projects receiving federal
or state funding, or projects that require some form of federal or state permit or license.
Examples include highways, pipelines, wetland disturbance and cell towers.
2
The attached excerpt of the National Register Nomination document provides a detailed
discussion of the history of the Efland Home (Attachments 1 and 2). The information details its
statewide significance as North Carolina's first reform institution for African American girls when
it opened in 1925. The project was spearheaded by Dr. Charlotte Hawkins Brown, a nationally
recognized black educator and social reformer. Funds to build and operate the Efland Home
were raised by black women across the state under the auspices of the NC Federation of
Colored Women's Clubs.
FINANCIAL IMPACT: None. The National Register Nomination was paid for by funding from
the Lands Legacy Program budget for FY 2016-17.
SOCIAL JUSTICE IMPACT: The following Orange County Social Justice Goal is applicable to
this agenda item:
• GOAL: ESTABLISH SUSTAINABLE AND EQUITABLE LAND-USE AND
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES:
The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of people of all races, cultures, incomes
and educational levels with respect to the development and enforcement of
environmental laws, regulations, policies, and decisions. Fair treatment means that no
group of people should bear a disproportionate share of the negative environmental
consequences resulting from industrial, governmental and commercial operations or
policies.
The proposed action to place the Efland Home on the National Register of Historic Places will
provide public recognition of its historic significance. It will provide protection for the building
and its associated site from future harmful land use or property development actions through the
federal regulations and review provisions of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation
Act as well as the North Carolina State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA) and North Carolina
General Statute 121-12(a).
RECOMMENDATION(S): The Manager recommends that the Board endorse the National
Register Nomination of the Efland home and authorize the Chair to sign the Elected Official
Comment Letter (Attachment 4).
Attachment 1
NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 10024-0018
(Oct. 1990)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Registration Form
This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in How to Complete the
National Register of Historic Places Registration Form(National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking"x"in the appropriate box
or by entering the information requested. If an item does not apply to the property being documented,enter"N/A"for not applicable." For
functions,architectural classification,materials,and areas of significance,enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions.Place
additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets(NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter,word processor,or computer,to complete all
items.
1. Name of Property
historic name North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls
other names/site number Efland Home
2. Location
street& number 201 Redman Crossing N/A not for publication
city or town Efland ®vicinity
state North Carolina code NC county Orange code 135 zip code 27243
3. State/Federal Agency Certification
As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act,as amended,I hereby certify that this®nomination
❑ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of
Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set for in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion,the property
❑ meets ❑ does not meet the National Register criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant❑ nationally
® statewide ❑ locally. (See continuation sheet for additional comments.)
Signature of certifying official/Title Date
State or Federal agency and bureau
In my opinion,the property ❑ meets ❑ does not meet the National Register criteria. (0 See Continuation sheet
for additional comments.)
Signature of certifying official/Title Date
State or Federal agency and bureau
4. National Park Service Certification
I hereby certify that the property is: Signature of the Keeper Date of Action
❑ entered in the National Register.
❑ See continuation sheet
❑ determined eligible for the
National Register.
❑ See continuation sheet
❑ determined not eligible for the
National Register.
❑ removed from the National
Register.
❑ other,(explain:)
4
North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls Orange County, NC
Name of Property County and State
10. Geographical Data
Acreage of Property 2.4 acres
UTM References
(Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet.)
See continuation sheet
1 3
Zone Easting Northing Zone Easting Northing
2 4
See continuation sheet
Verbal Boundary Description
(Describe the boundaries of the property on a continuation sheet.)
Boundary Justification
(Explain why the boundaries were selected on a continuation sheet.)
11. Form Prepared By
name/title Heather Fearnbach
organization Fearnbach History Services, Inc. date July 18, 2017
street&number 3334 Nottingham Road telephone 336-765-2661
city or town Winston-Salem state NC zip code 27104
Additional Documentation
Submit the following items with the completed form:
Continuation Sheets
Maps
A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location
A Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources.
Photographs
Representative black and white photographs of the property.
Additional items
(Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items.)
Property Owner
(Complete this item at the request of SHPO or FPO.)
name Mary E. Grant and Virginia Wise
street& number 201 Redman Crossing telephone 919-625-5040
city or town Mebane state NC zip code 27302
Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate
properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing,to list properties,and to amend existing listing. Response to this request is required to obtain
a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act,as amended(16 U.S.C.470 et seq.)
Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including time for reviewing
instructions,gathering and maintaining data,and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any
aspect of this form to the Chief,Administrative Services Division,National Park Service,P.O.Box 37127,Washington,DC 20013-7127;and the
Office of Management and Budget,Paperwork Reductions Projects(1024-0018),Washington,DC 20303.
5
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No.1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number 8 Page 7 North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls
Orange County,NC
Section 8. Statement of Significance
North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls (NCIHCG)meets National Register of Historic
Places Criterion A for its statewide significance in social history and African American ethnic history.
Beginning in late 1919,prominent educator and North Carolina Federation of Colored Women's
Clubs' president Charlotte Hawkins Brown of Palmer Memorial Institute led a campaign to sponsor a
reformatory for African American girls. The North Carolina General Assembly had established a
statewide juvenile court system that year and sentencing often mandated reformatory placement.
However,the North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare did not operate a
reformatory for African American girls until 1944, leaving private entities and religious and fraternal
organizations to subsidize rehabilitation efforts.
Brown and other club leaders garnered support from black and white chapters of the Federation of
Women's Clubs,philanthropists, churches, businesses, and charitable and fraternal organizations to
fund NCIHCG's construction and operation in the west Orange County community of Efland. The
facility,which comprised a cottage and farm, admitted its first residents in October 1925 and provided
academic instruction as well as agricultural and domestic skills training for up to twenty youth at a
time. NCIHCG served a statewide constituency and was one of only ten comparable institutions for
African American girls throughout the United States in 1930. Despite the demonstrated need for such
a facility, administrative and financial challenges resulted in the reformatory's closure on March 15,
1939. The period of significance begins with the cottage's 1925 completion and continues to 1939.
North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls History
Prominent African American women including Ida Bell Wells-Barnett, Frances E. W. Harper,
Josephine St.Pierre Ruffin, Harriet Tubman,Mary Church Terrell, and Margaret Murray Washington
led efforts to combat disenfranchisement during the Jim Crow era. With other activists, community
leaders, and educators,they founded the National Association of Colored Women(NACW) in 1896.
The organization consolidated the National Federation of Afro-American Women,the Women's Era
Clubs of Boston, and the Colored Women's League of Washington,D.C. Members promoted
initiatives to ameliorate disparities in child care, education,housing, medical treatment,prisons, social
welfare, and transportation. NACW's mantra, "lifting as we climb,"recognized the uphill battle that
African Americans faced in a segregated culture.5
NACW incorporated as the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs (NACWC) in 1904.
Supporters created statewide associations with local chapters to facilitate NACWC's mission. The
5 National Association of Colored Women's Clubs,"Who Are We,"http://www.nacwc.org/aboutus/index.html
(accessed January 2017);Anne Firor Scott,"Most Invisible of All:Black Women's Voluntary Associations,"The Journal
of South History,Vol. 56,No. 1 (February 1990), 12-13.
6
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No.1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number 8 Page 8 North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls
Orange County,NC
North Carolina Federation of Colored Women's Clubs (NCFCWC), founded in 1909,was one of
twenty-eight NACW federations in 1914. NACWC membership had by then grown to fifty thousand,
distributed among over one thousand clubs. Members partnered with African American and white
philanthropists, churches, businesses, and charitable and fraternal organizations to subsidize programs
and institutions that met community needs.6
The North Carolina Federation of Women's Clubs (NCFWC), established in 1902, frequently
collaborated with its sister African American organization. By 1918, approximately seven thousand
white club women orchestrated initiatives throughout the state under the leadership of president Kate
Burr Johnson. NCFWC's Social Service Department successfully advocated for the creation of the
State Home and Industrial School at Samarcand Manor, a Moore County reformatory for delinquent
white girls that opened in 1918. The organization supported the founding of a similar institution for
young African American women through political lobbying and financial contributions.
Beginning in 1919,NCFCWC president Charlotte Hawkins Brown led a concerted campaign to
construct such a reformatory. In a series of newspaper appeals and public addresses, she emphasized
that delinquent African American girls were particularly vulnerable and woefully underserved by
public welfare programs. The institution would provide academic and vocational instruction in a safe
and nurturing environment,thus imbuing the young women with the skills they needed to succeed.8
The timing was opportune, as it coalesced with the North Carolina General Assembly's mandate for a
statewide juvenile court system and county public welfare boards that year.
Brown, a highly regarded educator,was the founder and head of Palmer Memorial Institute, a private
school in Sedalia that had served African American youth since 1902. Her management experience
was critical to the nascent reformatory's success. The NCFCWC also benefited from guidance
provided by leaders of similar institutions. Brown and other NCFCWC members visited Virginia
Industrial Home for Colored Girls, established in 1915 by the Virginia State Federation of Colored
Women's Clubs and led by Janie Porter Barrett.9 Brown recruited her colleague Mary McLeod
Bethune,who had in 1904 established Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for Negro
Girls (Bethune-Cookman University since 2007) in Daytona Beach,Florida,to solicit donations for the
6 Scott,"Most Invisible of All," 16-17.
7 Clara I.Cox,ed., The North Carolina Federation of Women's Clubs Yearbook, 1917-1918(High Point:North
Carolina Federation of Women's Clubs, 1918),78-79;"Negro Club Women Commended,"Asheville Citizen-Times,April
25, 1926,p.50.
8 Charlotte Hawkins Brown,correspondence, 1919,NCSBPWI,Box 163;"State Reformatory for Negro Youth,"
Asheville Citizen-Times,November 3, 1919,p. 10;Charlotte Hawkins Brown,"To the Colored Women of North Carolina,"
Charlotte Observer,May 23, 1921,p.6;"Federation Raises Thousand Dollars,"Daily Advance,August 8, 1922,p. 1;
"Campaign for Salvaging Wayward Colored Girls,"Charlotte Observer,November 3, 1922,p.3;"Colored Women Back
Industrial Home Plan,"Asheville Citizen-Times,March 22, 1924,p.8.
9 Charlotte Hawkins Brown,correspondence, 1921,NCSBPWI,Box 163.
7
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No.1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number 8 Page 9 North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls
Orange County,NC
North Carolina reformatory and participate in fundraising efforts. In Bethune's keynote speech at
NCFCWC's annual meeting in 1925, she urged attendees to continue the fight for equitable facilities
and opportunities for African American youth.'°
NCFCWC identified a 143-acre farm in Efland, approximately four miles east of Mebane, as an
optimal location for the girls' reformatory. The site was easily accessible and had the added benefit of
being only twenty-eight miles east of Palmer Memorial Institute. NCFCWC paid S. C. and Carrie
Forrest$7,150 for the two-parcel tract on July 16, 1921. The Forrests had been cultivating tobacco on
the property and retained ownership of their tobacco sticks and flues as well as all planted crops that
had yet to be harvested that year. NCFCWC conveyed the acreage to NCIHCG trustees on August 3,
1922.11
NCFCWC elected a distinguished board of trustees with valuable professional and personal
connections to implement the reformatory's mission. The 1925 roster included Charlotte Hawkins
Brown and other leaders from across the state who had campaigned for the institution's creation.
Honorary chair Fannie Bickett of Raleigh,who was white,was a powerful ally due to her roles as a
NCFWC officer, Wake County's superintendent of public welfare, and the widow of North Carolina
governor and social welfare program advocate Thomas Walter Bickett. Chair Minnie G. Pearson of
Durham was married to Hillside Park High School principal and businessman William G. Pearson,
who functioned as the board's "special treasurer." Maude B. Cotton's husband John A. Cotton
pastored a Henderson congregation. Ophelia T. Griffin was a teacher at High Point Normal and
Industrial School, where her husband Alfred J. Griffin served as principal from 1897 until 1923. Lula
S. Kelsey and her husband William F. Kelsey operated a Salisbury funeral home. Lillian V. Mebane
was a public school teacher in Rocky Mount.12
Although it took several years,the NCFCWC solicited almost$30,000 in private donations to allow
for the reformatory's construction and operation. In May 1925, at its annual meeting held in Wilson,
10 Bethune had a North Carolina connection as she attended Scotia Seminary as a scholarship recipient from 1888
through 1893. She founded the National Council for Negro Women in 1935;served as the first African American female
federal agency head—Director of the Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration—from 1936 until
1944; and led civil rights initiatives until her death in 1955. National Council of Negro Women,Inc.,"Mary McLeod
Bethune,"http://ncnw.org/about/bethune.htm (accessed February 2017);"Mary McLeod Bethune, 1875-1955,"
http://www.nps.gov/mamc/learn/historvculture/people marymcleodbethune.htm(accessed February 2017);"North
Carolina Federation Women Held 16th Annual Session,Mrs.Brown,Pres.,"New York Age,May 30, 1925,p.2.
11 Orange County Deed Book 80,p.48;Deed Book 81,p.5.
12 William Pearson was instrumental in the founding of Mechanics and Farmers Bank,North Carolina Mutual Life
Insurance Company,Fraternal Bank and Trust Company, Southern Fidelity and Surety Company,Bankers Fire Insurance
Company,and the National Religious Training School and Chautauqua(now North Carolina Central University). Charlotte
Hawkins Brown,undated financial statement,NCSBPWI,Box 163;U. S.Censuses,Population Schedules, 1900-1940;R.
McCants Andrews,John Merrick:A Biographical Sketch(Durham: Seeman Printery, 1920),52-57.
8
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No.1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number 8 Page 10 North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls
Orange County,NC
the organization celebrated the completion of a one-story,weatherboarded, hip-roofed cottage erected
by contractors including James Henry Liner at a cost of approximately$4,600. The building contained
a central living room/classroom, dormitory-style bedrooms,matrons' quarters, bathroom, dining room,
kitchen, and basement furnace room. Painter S.P. Cheek charged$225. NCFCWC purchased
household goods at Davis Furniture Company, Myers Department Store, and cots, mattresses, and
pillows at Mebane Bedding Company. NCFCWC's Durham chapter, led by women including Julia
Warren and Annie Day Shepard, subsidized the living room furnishings. Home Light and Power
Company of Greensboro constructed and equipped a small pump and Delco generator house for
$836.50. Well and septic tank installation cost an additional $405. Efland merchant S. C.Forrest
drilled the well,provided hardware and supplies, and held the mortgage on the house and land.13
NCIHCG's architect has not been identified. Charlotte Hawkins Brown notes in her September 5,
1921 letter to North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare (NCSBCPW)commissioner
Kate Burr Johnson that plans for a cottage estimated to cost$5,000 were being drawn. The finely
executed line drawing on the cover of NCIHCG's circa 1930 fundraising brochure indicates a design
professional's involvement. The cottage was erected as rendered with the exception of the wall
sheathing material,which, due to budget constraints,was weatherboard rather than brick. The
principal contractor James Henry Liner(1888-1959),who lived north of Efland in the rural Cedar
Grove community,would have been capable of adapting the preliminary plans as needed. Liner's skill
is apparent in his work for the Orange County Board of Education, for which he built the one-story
brick St. Mary's School (1931) in Hillsborough.14
NCIHCG admitted its first residents in October 1925 under the supervision of matron Carrie M.
Brooks,teacher Rosa Morrow, and farm manager Charles Fuller. Brooks, an educator who had
previously resided in Greensboro and Washington, D. C., accepted a year-long contract with a$900
salary. She prepared for the position by working in July and August at the Virginia Industrial Home
for Colored Girls,where she received guidance from Janie Porter Barrett.15
Like many comparable institutions,the NCIHCG included a farm that provided residents with
sustenance and exercise. Agricultural returns reported to 1925 North Carolina farm census taker A. K.
McAdams indicate that the farm manager, children, and staff cultivated 33 acres of corn,tobacco,
13"North Carolina Federation Women Held 1611 Annual Session,Mrs.Brown,Pres.,"New York Age,May 30,
1925,p.2;NCSBCPW,Biennial Report of the NCSBCPW, 1924-1926(Raleigh:NCSBCPW, 1926), 120-121;Charlotte
Hawkins Brown,undated report and fmancial statement,NCSBPWI,Box 163.
14 Charlotte Hawkins Brown,correspondence, 1921,and NCIHCG financial statements,NCSBPWI,Box 163;
Orange County Board of Education minutes,November 12, 1930,microfilm,North Carolina State Archives,Raleigh;death
certificate.
15 Charlotte Hawkins Brown,correspondence and reports,NCSBPWI,Box 163.
9
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No.1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number 8 Page 11 North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls
Orange County,NC
wheat, cotton, and Irish potatoes. No livestock are listed, but within a year pigs, chickens, and dairy
cows provided meat, eggs, milk, butter, and cheese.16
North Carolina's juvenile court system had placed twelve young women at the reformatory by 1926.
Under matron Mary E. Hill's direction, the NCIHCG served thirty juveniles between July 1, 1926, and
June 30, 1928. During that time, one youth was released to a"working home,"two to hospitals,three
to relatives, and seven ran away, leaving seventeen on site. Occupancy typically exceeded the
reformatory's fifteen-person capacity. Residency remained about the same over the course of 1928-
1929, when fifteen girls were paroled and eleven discharged to working homes. Hill was well-
qualified for her position, as she had previously held a relief matron position at the Virginia Industrial
Home for Colored Girls. However,budget limitations and minimal staffing hampered her efforts.17
During the 1928-1929 reporting period,the girls attended classes led by assistant matron Margaret
Cromwell,who was not a professionally trained teacher. She earned forty dollars per month.
Residents cultivated ten acres and twenty-four fruit trees and tended a mule,two cows,two pigs, four
hogs, and one hundred chickens. The farm's production reduced the reformatory's operational cost,
which was estimated to be approximately$598.60 per child in 1928 but dropped to $182.50 per
resident in 1929. Recreational activities included playing basketball, croquet, and jumping rope. The
girls and staff attended Sunday worship services and prayer meetings at a local church. Mebane
physician Thomas David Tyson made house calls as needed.'$
NCFCWC continued to pursue state financing and management, but was not successful. However,the
organization secured a$2,000 appropriation from the state in 1927. Thereafter,yearly subsidies
fluctuated from $1,375 to $2,000 between 1928 and early 1939. Annual operating expenses ranged
from about$3,600 to $8,000.'9
NCIHCG was one of only ten comparable institutions for African American girls throughout the
United States in 1930. Most had been founded in the twentieth century's first decades and served as
models for Charlotte Hawkins Brown and other NCFCWC leaders as they planned NCIHCG. Private
entities operated the Dorcas Home (1914) in Houston, Texas; Fairwold Industrial School for Colored
Girls (1919) in Columbia, South Carolina; Girls' Rescue Home (1921) in Mt. Meigs,Alabama; and
Florida Industrial Home for Colored Girls (1921) in Ocala. The Industrial Home for Colored Girls
16 North Carolina Department of Agriculture,Statistics Division,Farm Census Reports, 1925,Box 24(Onslow-
Pasquotank Counties),North Carolina State Archives,Raleigh.
17 NCSBCPW,Biennial Report of the NCSBCPW, 1925-1926, 120-121;"Annual Reports,NCIHCG, 1928 and
1929,"NCSBPWI,Box 163;Virginia Industrial Home for Colored Girls,Fifth Annual Report of the Industrial Home for
Colored Girls, 1920.
18"Annual Reports,NCIHCG, 1928 and 1929,"NCSBPWI,Box 163.
19 Ibid.
10
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No.1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number 8 Page 12 North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls
Orange County,NC
(1882) in Melvale, Maryland, a private facility, received state and city subsidies. Publicly funded and
run facilities included Industrial Home for Negro Girls(1909) in Tipton, Missouri; Virginia Industrial
Home for Negro Girls (1915) in Peak's Turnout; Industrial School for Colored Girls (1920) in
Marshaliton,Delaware; and Oklahoma Industrial School for Colored Girls (1920) in Taft.20
NCIHCG served a statewide constituency. Eighteen residents in 1930 were from Buncombe, Carteret,
Durham, Forsyth, Guilford,Mecklenburg,Pasquotank,Robeson,Vance, and Wake counties,with the
largest number(five) coming from Durham County. All had been committed by juvenile court order.
The three-person staff included interim superintendent Marie Clay Clinton of Charlotte, appointed in
December 1929, her assistant Bertha Vincent, and a local man who guided the farm's operation. Staff
oversaw academic instruction as well as agricultural and domestic skills training. Clinton, a forty-five-
year-old widow, had garnered some experience working with youth through NCFCWC initiatives,but
was not a social worker or teacher. Therefore,Vincent, a thirty-two-year-old Scotia Seminary
graduate, led academic classes. Both women served as house mothers and taught food preparation and
preservation, laundry, and sewing.21
Residents participated in a wide variety of activities. The girls shared one sewing machine and sewed
by hand, fabricating clothing,handkerchiefs, a quilt, sofa pillows, and other items. Classes were held
during the mornings and afternoons during the winter,when there were fewer outdoor chores to
complete. The remainder of the year, residents often studied in the mornings,worked outside in the
afternoons, and reconvened for academic instruction in the evenings. Most of the young women had
limited prior scholastic experience. This factor, coupled with disparities in age and aptitude,resulted
in a rudimentary curriculum. The girls and the farm manager cut wood; cultivated corn,wheat, and
vegetables; and tended chickens,pigs, and dairy cows. In spring 1930, Lindley Nurseries donated
seventy-five fruit trees and twenty-five grape vines that University of North Carolina students planted
for NCIHCG.22
Farm production supplemented meager rations. Residents assisted with meal preparation and service.
Breakfast was typically hash, grits, and bread. One additional meal was provided in the winter and two
in seasons that required significant physical labor. These meals often comprised white beans,bacon,
and corn bread, or macaroni and tomatoes. In 1930, dining room furnishings included two oilcloth-
covered tables, chairs, and a dish-washing sink. Plates,forks, spoons, serving dishes, and cooking
20 Margaret Reeves,Training Schools for Delinquent Girls(New York:Russell Sage Foundation, 1929);Wiley
Britton Sanders,Negro Child Welfare in North Carolina:A Rosenwald Study(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina
Press, 1933),50.
21 Clinton later served as NCFCWC's president. Sanders,Negro Child Welfare in North Carolina,51;United
States Census,Population Schedule, 1930;"Co-Laborers in a Grand Task,"Federation Journal,May 1, 1952,p.4.
22 Sanders,Negro Child Welfare in North Carolina,55.
11
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No.1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number 8 Page 13 North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls
Orange County,NC
utensils were extremely limited in quantity. There were only four knives and no cups, bowls, glasses,
napkins, or table clothes.23
Religious instruction was an important element of NCIHCG's curriculum. NCFCWC promoted
achieving spiritual awareness as a core component of a healthy lifestyle. A local pastor and NCIHCG
staff conducted worship services. Residents were asked to pray several times daily. It was hoped that
Christian doctrine would inspire good behavior,thus reducing the need for disciplinary measures,
which included privilege loss and solitary confinement in the room adjacent to the bathroom.24
The institution continued to operate in the same manner during the early 1930s. John Henry Blue and
his wife superintended NCIHCG in 1931-1932, assisted by a second matron. Agricultural production
remained consistent,with forty acres under cultivation. Beef,pork, chicken, eggs,milk,butter, fruit,
and vegetables from the farm augmented the residents' diet.25
Minnie Pearson succeeded Charlotte Hawkins Brown as NCFCWC president in 1934. NCFCWC and
NC SBCPW continued to petition the General Assembly to assume NCIHCG's oversight. Residency
averaged around fifteen young women annually between 1932 and 1934, during which time
superintendents included J.H.Blue, Sadie F. Powell, and J. A. Lassiter. State Board of Public Welfare
field agent W. C. Ezell noted a need for additional classroom space during a February 1934 inspection.
At that time,the dining room also functioned as a classroom. Powell was then the only adult in
residence.26
J. A. Lassiter, a certified teacher, replaced Powell as matron in May 1934. Her husband oversaw the
farm's operation. That year,the girls cultivated fields, canned fruit and vegetables, sewed clothes and
bedding, and made comhusk mattresses, baskets, rag rugs, and other household items. They received
free medical care at the African American Lincoln Hospital in Durham,where NCIHCG sponsor and
trustee Julia Warren's husband, obstetrician Stanford Lee Warren,had been a founding trustee.
Cottage improvements included painting the porch floor and posts, oiling the interior wood floors, and
installing curtains and oilcloth table covers. Benefactors donated cash, a picnic lunch, and items such
as clothing, food, magazines, and a radio.27
23 Ibid.,54.
24 Ibid.,56.
25 NCSBCPW,Biennial Report of the North Carolina School for Negro Girls for the Two Years Ended June 30,
1932,396-398,NCSBPWI,Box 163.
26"Mrs.Pearson Named Head of N.C.Clubs,"Pittsburgh Courier,May 19, 1934,p.8;"Annual Reports,
NCIHCG, 1928 and 1929,"Box 163
27 NCSBCPW,Biennial Report of the North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, 1932-1934
(Charlotte: Observer Printing House, 1934),55,75;"Annual Reports,NCIHCG, 1928 and 1929,"NCSBPWI,Box 163;
Andrews,John Merrick,49.
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Mr. Lassiter was dismissed in March 1935. In June 1935, agent Ezell reported that twelve girls were
in residence under the supervision of matron Lula B. Henderson and farm manager Lewis Walker, both
of whom had been hired in April. Henderson's husband, a retired pastor,resided in Chapel Hill but
was engaged by the Emergency Relief Administration's Division of Adult Education to provide
academic instruction at NCIHCG. Ezell noted that Lula Henderson had called Sheriff Sloan to diffuse
altercations on several occasions. He also stated that general store proprietor S. C. Forrest and Rob
Nichols asserted that a white man had been assisting runaways from the reformatory. In response to
the poor evaluation and other complaints regarding the institution' deficient management,the
NCIHCG board of directors' executive committee convened in Durham in July to address the situation.
They soon engaged Hilda C.Allen to serve as the reformatory's superintendent. Henderson continued
as a matron.28
In November 1935,Allen requested that NCSBCPW's Division of Mental Health evaluate the
reformatory and propose improvement measures. The study, which included intelligence and
scholastic aptitude tests, concluded that most residents suffered from mental impairments which led to
difficulties with academic coursework that were exacerbated by a lack of books and supplies.
Vocational instruction was therefore encouraged,with the idea that domestic skills training would
better prepare the girls to find work after discharge. The inspector also found that the facility's single
bathroom, heating system, and water supply were inadequate. The kitchen stove was the primary heat
source as the basement flooded every winter, rendering the furnace inoperable. The pump was often
out of commission, making it impossible to draw water from the well. Site staff did not have an
administrative office. The inspector encouraged resolution of these issues as well as interior painting
and decorating to provide a more pleasant environment. Also, as all of the windows had been covered
with barbed wire to discourage runaways, the agent suggested removing the wire.29
Hilda Allen solicited contributions from individuals and organizations in order to affect some of the
proposed changes. She taught the girls to sing spirituals and arranged performances of the Efland
Quartette at local churches as a means of promoting the reformatory's success and garnering
donations. Allen made considerable progress in her efforts to improve conditions. However, citing an
inability to manage her numerous duties, she resigned in early May 1937, leaving Lula Henderson in
charge.3°
W. C. Ezell and his assistant T. L. Grier inspected the institution in July 1937. They noted ongoing
issues with the heating system, bathroom, and overall building repair. Henderson, farm manager
Charlie Freeman, and the residents struggled to maintain the cottage and agricultural operation. The
28 NCSBCPW correspondence, 1935,NCSBPWI,Box 163.
29 NCSBCPW Division of Mental Health,"Psycho-educational Survey of North Carolina Industrial School for
Negro Girls," 1935,NCSBPWI,Box 163.
3o Hilda C.Allen,letter to R.Eugene Brown,April 29, 1937,NCSBPWI,Box 163.
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farm comprised about twenty acres of hay, corn,peas, sweet potatoes, vegetables. Equipment included
tools,plows, a wagon, a mowing machine, and a mule harness. A small barn and a corn crib were in
good condition,but the livestock was not. The sole cow had recently died,the hog and four pigs were
thin, and one mule was crippled and the other difficult to handle. Only a few chickens remained. Due
to these conditions, and the fact that the institution provided inadequate care and rehabilitation, Grier
concluded that the facility was completely ineffective in its mission. He recommended that the
NCFCWC board either increase funding enough to remedy the situation or close the reformatory.31
The institution persevered. In January 1938, Lula Henderson reported on successful work placements
for former residents in Mebane and Greensboro,North Carolina; Washington, D. C.; and Seneca,
South Carolina. Community members and churches contributed to the campus's operational costs.
Patrons supplied clothing, shoes, hats, soap, towels, candy, canned goods, apples, and fabric and
notions for dressmaking. However, donations were not sufficient to suitably maintain the facility or to
provide basic necessities for its residents. After University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill field work
director George H. Lawrence visited in April, he reported to NCSBCPW director J. Wallace Nygard
that the reformatory conditions were so appalling that"the place is worse than useless." He suggested
that the girls would be better served in a county jail,where they would at least receive adequate
sustenance. NCSBCPW Division of Negro Work director William R. Johnson met with NCFCWC
board members, and in October 1938 they decided to cease operations in five months. Between
October 1925 and the reformatory's March 15, 1939 closure,the institution housed more than two
hundred girls. While commendable,the reformatory was able to serve of only a small fraction of the
3,839 African American girls under the age of sixteen whose cases came before juvenile courts during
the 1920s and 1930s.32
The use of the Efland property from 1939 through the 1950s is unknown. It is likely that NCIHCG
leased the cottage to a series of tenants and the acreage to the lessees or local farmers. A 1955 U. S.
Department of Agriculture aerial photograph indicates that fields were still being cultivated during that
period.33 NCIHCG trustees sold the Efland property to W. G. Fields Jr. and his wife Nannette,
investors who remained Chapel Hill residents, on April 29, 1957. The Fields subdivided a portion of
the land west of the cottage to create eight tracts spanning the distance between Redman Crossing and
Interstate 40. Each parcel encompassed between four-and-one-half and twelve acres. Edwards Realty
Company acquired the twelve-acre tract No. 1,which included the cottage, on November 17, 1958 and
conveyed it to Mack and Lina Lee Stout on September 22, 1959. They sold the cottage and 2.4
31 W C.Ezell and T.L.Grier,"The North Carolina Home for Colored Girls,Efland,NC,"site visit report,July 2,
1937,NCSBPWI,Box 163.
32"The Efland Home," Carolina Times,February 4, 1939;Undated overview of NCIHCG funding history,"The
Need for a State Training School for Delinquent Negro Girls,"and"Annual Reports,North Carolina Industrial Home for
Colored Girls, 1928 and 1929,"NCSBPWI,Box 163.
33 U. S.Depaitment of Agriculture,aerial photograph, 6P-32(1955).
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surrounding acres to an African American couple, James Nills Graham,known as Nello, and Myrtle
McAdoo Graham, in December 1959. James and Myrtle had both grown up on Efland farms. James, a
United States Army veteran, died on July 15, 1974. Myrtle passed away on March 9, 1987. The
Grahams attended White Cross A.M. E. Church, where they are interred.34
The Grahams' son James Barnard Graham, a Vietnam War veteran, obtained title to the house and 2.4
acres on December 14, 1984. He died on July 15, 2010. Mary E. Grant purchased the tract on
November 13, 2013, following an auction held in conjunction with Graham's estate settlement.35
Social History Context: North Carolina Juvenile Welfare Institutions
During the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, colonial and North Carolina courts often
placed children whose parents were deceased or unable to serve as guardians in apprenticeships
intended to result in mastery of a marketable trade and basic literacy. Early settlers, many of whom
immigrated from England, Germany, Scotland, and Ireland, supported this approach as it had been a
common practice in their countries of origin. Group residences for penurious youth were rare. In the
nineteenth century's second decade the North Carolina General Assembly incorporated a few short-
lived organizations such as the Newbem Female Charitable Society(1812) and the Female Orphan
Asylum of Fayetteville (1813). However, it was not until 1868 that legislators created a government
entity to provide statewide social welfare assistance. The five-member Board of Public Charities' first
act was to inventory jails and poorhouses, but its purview soon grew to include oversight of hospitals,
convict camps, and homes for veterans, elderly, and infirm citizens. Although ameliorating the
hardship of destitute youth was part of the board's mandate, it did not subsidize orphanages. Private
organizations thus solicited donations to facilitate indigent child care.36
In February 1873,the Grand Lodge of the Order of Free Masons established Oxford Orphan Asylum,
North Carolina's first permanent institution created to house and educate white orphans. Admittance
was based upon need rather than familial ties to Masons. Although the endeavor was privately funded,
the institution later received small state appropriations to aid its operation. The orphanage's first
superintendent, John Haymes Mills, left Oxford in 1884 to found the state's second orphanage in
Thomasville.37
34 Orange County Deed Book 163,p.39;Deed Book 169,p.85;Plat Book 8,p.3;Deed Book 173,p. 140.
35 Orange County Deed Book 494,p.453;Deed Book 4985,p. 161;Deed Book 5720,p.388.
36 Arthur E.Fink,"Changing Philosophies and Practices in North Carolina Orphanages,"North Carolina
Historical Review, Volume 48,Number 4,October 1971,333-336;"First Annual Report of the Board of Public Charities,"
Document No.26,Executive and Legislative Documents Laid Before the General Assembly of North Carolina,Session
1869-1870(Raleigh:John W.Holden,printer, 1870),2-4.
37 Fink,"Changing Philosophies and Practices in North Carolina Orphanages,"337.
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Two African American residents of Henderson,North Carolina—public school teacher Henry
Plummer Cheatham and Baptist church pastor Augustus Shepard—partnered with twelve other black
leaders to create Grant Colored Asylum,the first orphanage for African American children in North
Carolina. Donations from churches and individuals subsidized the 1883 purchase of a twenty-three-
acre faun one-and-one-half miles south of Oxford in Granville County and the renovation of a small
house and barn on the property. The facility functioned as Grant Colored Asylum until March 28,
1887,when it incorporated as the Colored Orphan Asylum of North Carolina. That year,the
institution's board of directors elected Reverend Robert L. Shepard to serve as superintendent. In
1892,the African American Grand Lodge of Masons of North Carolina pledged a recurring donation
equal to ten per cent of its annual gross receipts. The following year, the North Carolina General
Assembly delineated a$2,500 appropriation to subsidize the orphanage's operation. The amount
increased over time.38
Churches and fraternal organizations managed ten sizable orphanages statewide by 1899. Facility
administration typically comprised a board of directors and a superintendent who was often a minister
in institutions overseen by religious denominations. The wives of married superintendents or a chief
matron assisted with daily management, along with teachers,house parents, and staff, most of whom
lived on campus. Orphanages provided academic instruction as well as training in agricultural,
domestic, and vocational pursuits. Children executed tasks such as cooking, cleaning, laundering,
farming, food preservation, and building and grounds maintenance. Although their labor greatly
reduced annual operating costs, orphanages struggled to be self-supporting.39
The Colored Orphan Asylum of North Carolina(NR 1988) epitomized this paradigm. Reverend
Shepard superintended the institution until 1907. Henry Plummer Cheatham, a former slave, educator,
and United States congressman (1889-1893),then headed the Granville County campus, overseeing
until his death in1935 a broad campus improvement program that involved replacing frame buildings
with edifices erected with brick manufactured by students. State funding allowed for the 1915
completion of the two-story,brick, Italianate-style building that bears Cheatham's name and contained
a chapel, dining room, kitchen, and classroom. Other brick structures included girls' and boy's
dormitories, an infants' cottage, a laundry, and a smokehouse.4°
38 North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State,"Colored Orphan Asylum of North Carolina,"
http://www.secretary.state.nc.us/Search/profcorp/4905941 (accessed January 2015);"Colored Orphanage Office Building
Is Erected on Campus,"Oxford Public Ledger,June 15, 1934;"History of the Colored Orphanage of North Carolina," 1935
document from Central Children's Home of North Carolina,Inc.,files;The Duke Endowment, Twelfth Annual Report,
August 1937, 87-88.
39 Fink,"Changing Philosophies and Practices in North Carolina Orphanages,"337,339,351.
40 A March 20, 1948,fire destroyed the boys' dormitory,which was replaced the next year. North Carolina
Mutual Life Insurance Company,""A`Charitable Object'Becomes a Monument to the Development of Negro Youth," The
Whetstone,fourth quarter 1964;Marvin A.Brown and Patricia Esperon,"Central Orphanage,"National Register of
Historic Places nomination, 1987.
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Social welfare experts promoted the idea that domestic-scale group residences benefited indigent youth
at the first annual White House Conference on the Care of Dependent Children, convened by President
Theodore Roosevelt in Washington,D. C., on January 25, 1909. Attendees included African American
educator Booker T. Washington,who headed Tuskegee Institute in Alabama; Jane Addams,who in
1889 founded the Chicago social settlement Hull House;journalist and photographer Jacob Riis; and
nurse and humanitarian Lillian Wald. Although these and other reformers favored adoption and home
boarding over institutional care for destitute children,the group's recommendations to improve
orphanage conditions included construction of cottages to be administered by house parents. A cottage
atmosphere allowed for more personalized attention with the goal of fostering well-adjusted and
productive individuals.41
The North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare (NCSBCPW), created in 1917,
endorsed the cottage system as the ideal arrangement for institutions dedicated to child care. In this
model, modest-sized buildings provided sleeping quarters for twenty to thirty youth and their
caretakers, recreational areas, kitchens, dining rooms, and bathrooms. The cottages' small scale was
intended to promote a nurturing domestic atmosphere. The board also encouraged the hiring of a home
economics teacher and a physical education director at each institution.42
NCSBCPW,which expanded the purview of the Board of Public Charities, had five bureaus: county
organization, institutional supervision, child welfare,mental health and hygiene, and promotion and
publicity. The Public Welfare Act of 1917 allowed for the creation of county boards of public welfare,
which facilitated the state agency's mission. Two years later, additional legislation made county
boards mandatory. NCSBCPW evaluated public and privately funded entities that cared for under-
privileged children annually to ensure that the facilities offered residents adequate accommodation,
education, and supervision.43
Stonewall Jackson Training School (NR 1984)near Concord in Cabarrus County was North Carolina's
first completely state-subsidized institution established to rehabilitate delinquent children. The
General Assembly allocated construction and operation funds in 1907. Two years later,the facility
commenced serving white boys younger than sixteen committed to residency by the juvenile court
system. The children lived in small cottages with matrons and teachers and received academic
instruction up to the eighth-grade level as well as vocational training in carpentry,printing, and
41 John E.B.Myers,Child Protection in America:Past, Present, and Future(New York: Oxford University Press,
2006),58-59;Matthew A.Crenson,Building the Invisible Orphanage:A Prehistory of the American Welfare System
(Cambridge,M.A.;Harvard University Press, 1998), 11-12.
42 NCSBCPW,Biennial Report of the NCSBCPW, 1920-1922,22.
43 University of North Carolina Extension Division,Public Welfare and the Community,Vol.IV,No. 10(Chapel
Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 1925), 10-11, 16-17.
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shoemaking. In addition to cultivating crops and tending livestock on the 631-acre farm,which
included dairy cows and chickens,the boys learned to bake, cook, can, clean, and launder as they
assisted with cottage upkeep. Basketball and baseball teams provided an athletic outlet and taught
skills such as good sportsmanship and equitable play. The school's population grew to approximately
five hundred within twenty years.
State Home and Industrial School at Samarcand Manor in Moore County employed the same
pedagogical approach. Beginning in 1918, young white women under the age of twenty-one resided in
cottages where they learned domestic skills such as cooking, cleaning, laundering, sewing,weaving,
and basket and hat-making. Teachers served as house mothers and led first through tenth-grade-level
academic classes, as well as musical and athletic training. The girls planted and harvested fields
encompassing approximately three-fifths of the 382-acre farm and raised chickens,pigs, and dairy
cows. Residents were either admitted to the school by court order or by voluntary application and
remained until reaching the age of eighteen or being discharged. The institution had more than three
hundred occupants by the 1930s.45
Despite the fact that the North Carolina General Assembly's 1919 establishment of a statewide
juvenile court system had resulted in more reformatory placements,there were no state-run institutions
to rehabilitate African American delinquents. Orphanages served many at-risk youth, but did not
typically accept those who had committed legal infractions. However, such institutions served as
models as planning for African American reformatories ensued. Resident teachers typically educated
first-through sixth- or seventh-grade students on site, but in some cases all children attended local
public schools. In 1922,NCSBCPW evaluated three child-care facilities for black youth: the Colored
Baptist Orphanage in Winston-Salem,the Colored Orphanage of North Carolina near Oxford in
Granville County, and the Mary Lee Home for Dependent Children operated by Mary Lee Byerly in
High Point. In addition to the licensed orphanages,many other child-care facilities operated
throughout the state. Most served white children, but in 1922 NCSBCPW inspected and declined to
license four African American child-care facilities: the Industrial Union Training School and
Orphanage in Southern Pines,the National Nazarene Institute for Advancement of the Race in
Greensboro,the Negro Family Orphanage in Wake Forest, and Mary Elizabeth Moore's school in
Hiddenite.46
In 1924,NCSBCPW and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill received a grant from the
Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Fund that subsidized a pilot demonstration program designed to
advance African American welfare. Sponsors hoped that the initiative, launched on January 1, 1925,
44 NCSBCPW,Brief History of the Care of the Under-Privileged Child in North Carolina,Special Bulletin
Number 13 (Raleigh, 1934),28-29.
45 Ibid.,29.
46 NCSBCPW,Biennial Report of the NCSBCPW, 1920-1922, 19,23.
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would become a model for other state-wide systems. Staff explored methods to facilitate equitable
access to education, health care, housing, and recreational facilities for the state's black residents under
the auspices of the newly created Division of Negro Work. Seven African American leaders including
Charlotte Hawkins Brown and Winston-Salem Teachers College president Simon G. Atkins served on
the division's state-wide advisory commission. NCSBCPW commissioner Kate Burr Johnson,who
had in 1921 become the nation's first female state commissioner of public welfare and North
Carolina's first female state department head, appointed African American educator and community
leader Lawrence A. Oxley to serve as the division's director. Oxley, a Massachusetts native and
World War I veteran, had been a social sciences instructor at St. Augustine's College in Raleigh since
1920. His early division work benefited from connections made while in that position.47
Oxley orchestrated the Wake County Department of Public Welfare's implementation of the state's
first county-wide African American social work program. This involved appointing an advisory
committee of local black leaders and establishing nineteen township committees. Each group was
charged with soliciting funds from individuals, churches, schools, and fraternal organizations to
subsidize public welfare projects.48
NCSBCPW's mission to establish a reformatory for delinquent male African American youth that
would foster"self-reliance, initiative, and the ability to think and act intelligently"was finally realized
in 1925. In January of that year, the juvenile court system began paroling young men to Morrison
Training School in Hoffman, Richmond County. Construction had commenced in 1924 following a
$25,000 1923 appropriation by the North Carolina legislature. Four buildings stood on almost three
hundred acres by 1926. An expansive two-story-on-basement brick edifice encompassed
administrative offices, classrooms, a reception hall, an assembly room,the superintendent's quarters,
and dormitories. Approximately seventy-five boys initially received academic and agricultural
instruction. Within ten years, almost two hundred youth cultivated crops and tended pigs, chickens,
and dairy cows on a four hundred-acre farm. State appropriations for physical plant improvements
totaled about $150,000 through 1932.49
NCIHCG,the comparable institution for African American girls, opened with great aspirations in
October 1925. However, due to limited funding and staffing,NCFCWC struggled to supply residents
with adequate sustenance, instruction, and oversight. The privately operated reformatory differed
dramatically from its state-run counterparts in size, budget, and management. The facility received no
47 NCSBCPW,Biennial Report of the NCSBCPW, 1924-1926, 104-105;William S.Powell,ed.,Dictionary of
North Carolina Biography, Volume 4(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 1991),415;Jeffrey J.Crow,Paul D.
Escott,and Flora J.Hatley.A History of African Americans in North Carolina(Raleigh:North Carolina Department of
Cultural Resources, 1992), 136-137.
48 NCSBCPW,Biennial Report of the NCSBCPW, 1924-1926, 104-105.
49 Ibid, 121; Sanders,Negro Child Welfare in North Carolina,9.
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state support until a $2,000 1927 appropriation. Thereafter, yearly state subsidies ranged from $1,375
to $2,000. Although the Efland facility had only one cottage with an intended occupancy of fifteen
young women, it filled a critical need in the state juvenile justice system until its March 15, 1939
closure.5o
By 1926,the Division of Negro Work employed social workers in nineteen counties with sizable black
populations. Fourteen of those men and women were African American. Although the division did
not initially establish an Orange County office,the first appointments placed social workers in
neighboring Alamance and Guilford counties. In addition, director Oxley undertook extensive
community outreach, speaking at meetings of African American civic, educational, fraternal, and
religious organizations including the Federation of Colored Women's Clubs. He regularly visited
schools, hospitals,jails, county homes, and the state's two reformatories that served black juveniles:
NCIHCG and Morrison Training School. Administrators and the public were therefore well-informed
regarding NCSBCPW policies.51
The juvenile court system committed significant numbers of orphaned delinquents to rehabilitation
programs in the late 1920s. In 1928, sixty-six percent of the 1,362 children placed in North Carolina's
five juvenile reformatories had suffered the death of one or both parents. The following year,
NCI ICG, headed by Mary E. Hill, housed twenty-two African American girls, all but one of whom
were between twelve and sixteen,years old. L. L. Boyd oversaw Morrison Training School's 164
black male charges. At the institutions for white youth,Eastern Carolina Training School (opened
January 1926)near Rocky Mount enrolled 89 boys, State Home and Industrial School served 345 girls,
and Stonewall Jackson Training School accommodated 742 young men. Mecklenburg Industrial
Home in Charlotte, although not classified by the NCSBCPW as a reformatory,was a detention facility
for delinquent white girls,most of whom were released on parole after brief stays.52
The state's two black orphanages benefited from facility improvements during this period. Memorial
Industrial School (NR 2015)moved from a small farm south of Salem to a new 251-acre campus near
Rural Hall in northwest Forsyth County in 1929. Prominent local architects Northup and O'Brien
designed the complex's central administration building,three residential cottages, and a power plant,
all executed in brick. Contributions from the Duke Endowment and local philanthropists including the
Reynolds and Gray families subsidized the campus acquisition, construction, and operation. Residents
cultivated a farm and attended a public graded school on the site. The institution provided residents
5o Annual reports,NCIHCG,NCSBPWI,Box 163
51 NCSBCPW,North Carolina's Social Welfare Program for Negroes,Special Bulletin Number 8(Raleigh:
1926),9,22-25,40;NCSBCPW,Biennial Report of the NCSBCPW, 1924-1926, 104-105.
52 NCSBCPW,Biennial Report of the NCSBCPW, 1924-1926,22-24,61;NCSBCPW,Biennial Report of the
NCSBCPW, 1928-1930,70-71.
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with academic instruction through the seventh grade as well as agricultural and domestic skills
training.53
The Colored Orphanage of North Carolina in Oxford reincorporated in 1927 and remained the state's
most sizable entity that served North Carolina's African American youth. The Duke Endowment
facilitated land acquisition and the construction of the two-story, brick, 1925 orphanage school,which
was named in memory of Benjamin Newton and Sarah Pearson Angier Duke's son, Angier Buchanan
Duke, as well as a one-story 1934 administrative office. In 1935,the institution served 216 children,
some of whom assisted with the cultivation of approximately 91 acres of the 450-acre campus.
Student enrollment numbered 333, as the school accommodated African American youth residing in
Oxford and the vicinity through eighth grade, after which they attended Oxford's Mary Potter High
School.54
The Rockefeller grant that had subsidized North Carolina's Division of Negro Work for six years
expired in June 1931. The state then assumed responsibility for funding African American welfare
initiatives in thirty-five counties. NCFCWC president and NCIHCG board chair Minnie G. Pearson
was one of nine African American leaders who served on NCSBCPW's Negro Advisory Committee.
Oxford,North Carolina native William R. Johnson replaced Lawrence Oxley as head of the Division
of Negro Work in 1934. The division's ongoing initiatives included placing students from Bishop
Tuttle Training School for Social Work at St. Augustine's College in Raleigh as interns in public and
private social welfare organizations.55
The need for publicly and privately subsidized social welfare programs and institutions increased
during the Great Depression. However, some, like NCIHCG, faced significant financial and
administrative challenges. NCIHCG's difficulties resulted in the reformatory's March 1939 closure.
This left North Carolina's juvenile court system without rehabilitation facility placement as an option
for young African American women. Some were committed to jails and others placed in institutions
monitored by the NCSBCPW such as "boarding homes,"which provided foster care.56
53 The institution originated as the Orphan Children's Home Company,a church-funded entity;incorporated in
1914 as the Colored Baptist Orphanage of Winston-Salem;and reorganized in November 1923 as a nondenominational
organization. Heather Fearnbach,"Memorial Industrial School,"National Register of Historic Places nomination,2015.
54 A March 20, 1948,fire destroyed the boys' dormitory,which was replaced the next year. NCSBCPW,North
Carolina's Social Welfare Program for Negroes,Special Bulletin Number 8(Raleigh: 1926),35;North Carolina Mutual
Life Insurance Company,""A`Charitable Object'Becomes a Monument to the Development of Negro Youth," The
Whetstone,fourth quarter 1964;Brown and Esperon,"Central Orphanage."
55 NCSBCPW,Biennial Report of the NCSBCPW, 1928-1930, 12-13;NCSBCPW,Biennial Report of the
NCSBCPW, 1932-1934, 86,88,90.
56 NCSBCPW,Biennial Report of the NCSBCPW, 1938-1940(Raleigh:Edwards and Broughton, 1940),34-35.
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Although NCFCWC satisfied its indebtedness related to the Efland reformatory in 1943,the
organization's advocacy for an institution to serve African American girls did not cease. NCFCWC
president Lula Kelsey led the charge to build a new facility that culminated in a$25,000 state
legislative appropriation ratified in March 1943. The reformatory opened in September 1944 under the
direction of superintendent Mae D. Holmes in what had been the African American National Youth
Administration center on Albemarle Avenue in Rocky Mount. In July 1947,the correctional institute
relocated to the former Industrial Farm Colony for Women, a correctional center for white women
established in 1929 near Kinston. The site became North Carolina State Industrial School for Negro
Girls, also known as Dobbs School. The campus initially comprised two two-story,brick, Colonial
Revival-style dormitories erected in 1929 and 1930; a dining room; a kitchen; and several utility
buildings.57
By 1959,when eighty-nine young women were in residence, an administration/educational building, a
kitchen/cafeteria, and an additional residential cottage had been constructed. The former kitchen
housed the laundry and sewing room. NCFNWC donated almost$12,000 in proceeds from
NCIHCG's sale to Dobbs School to facilitate a chapel's construction. Fundraising continued for the
chapel,which had a projected cost of$200,000, into the 1970s.58 The campus currently functions as
Dobbs Youth Development Center, operated by the North Carolina Department of Public Safety. The
institution provides up to forty-three residents with vocational training in automobile repair,
horticulture, and culinary arts.59
57"Meeting an Acute Need," Winston-Salem Journal,March 30, 1942;"Women's Clubs Addressed by John R.
Larkins,"Pittsburgh Courier,May 15, 1943,p. 11;"Named as Supt.Of Delinquent Home," The Carolinian,July 29, 1944;
"Negro Girls' School Ready for Inmates,"News and Observer,September 29, 1944;Ruth G.Rush,"Tribute to Mrs.Lula
Kelsey,"Federation Journal,May 1, 1952,p.5;M.Ruth Little,Coastal Plain and Fancy(Winston-Salem:Jostens Printing
and Publishing, 1998),342-343.
58"Address Delivered by Samuel E.Leonard,"Federation Journal,January 1954,pp. 1 and 9;"Dobbs Farm,"
Statesville Record and Landmark, September 14, 1954,p.4;Mae D.Holmes,"Training School,"Federation Journal,Fall
1959,p.9;"Seek$200,000 Chapel Fund For Dobbs,"Pittsburgh Courier,November 1, 1969,p.5.
59 North Carolina Department of Public Safety,"Youth Development Centers,"https://www2.ncdps.gov(accessed
July 2017).
22
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No.1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number 9 Page 24 North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls
Orange County,NC
Section 9. Bibliography
Andrews,R. McCants.John Merrick:A Biographical Sketch. Durham: Seeman Printery, 1920.
Asheville Citizen-Times, N. C.
Brown, Marvin A., and Patricia Esperon. "Central Orphanage."National Register of Historic Places
nomination, 1987.
Carolina Times,Durham,N. C.
The Carolinian, Raleigh,N. C.
Central Children's Home of North Carolina, Inc. "About Us: History,"
http://www.cch-nc.org/aboutus.html(accessed January 2015).
Charlotte Observer,N. C.
"Colored Orphanage Office Building Is Erected on Campus." Oxford Public Ledger, June 15, 1934.
Cox, Clara I., ed. The North Carolina Federation of Women's Clubs Yearbook, 1917-1918. High Point:
North Carolina Federation of Women's Clubs, 1918.
Crenson,Matthew A. Building the Invisible Orphanage:A Prehistory of the American Welfare
System. Cambridge, M. A.;Harvard University Press, 1998.
Crow, Jeffrey J.,Paul D. Escott, and Flora J. Hatley.A History of African Americans in North
Carolina. Raleigh:North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, 1992.
Daily Advance, Burlington,N. C.
Daily Bulletin of the Manufacturers'Record.
Fearnbach, Heather. "Memorial Industrial School."National Register of Historic Places nomination,
2015.
Federation Journal.North Carolina Federation of Women's Clubs newsletter.
Fink, Arthur E. "Changing Philosophies and Practices in North Carolina Orphanages."North Carolina
23
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No.1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number 9 Page 25 North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls
Orange County,NC
Historical Review, Volume 48,Number 4, October 1971, 333-358.
"First Annual Report of the Board of Public Charities."Document No. 26. Executive and Legislative
Documents Laid Before the General Assembly of North Carolina, Session 1869-1870. Raleigh:
John W. Holden,printer, 1870.
"History of the Colored Orphanage of North Carolina." 1935 document from Central Children's Home
of North Carolina, Inc., files.
Little,M. Ruth. Coastal Plain and Fancy. Winston-Salem: Jostens Printing and Publishing,
1998.
"Mary McLeod Bethune, 1875-1955,"
http://www.nps.gov/mamc/learn/historyculture/people marymcleodbethune.htm (accessed
February 2017).
Myers, John E. B. Child Protection in America:Past, Present, and Future.New York: Oxford
University Press, 2006.
National Association of Colored Women's Clubs. "Who Are We,"
http://www.nacwc.org/aboutus/index.html (accessed January 2017).
National Council of Negro Women, Inc., "Mary McLeod Bethune,"http://nenw.org/about/bethune.htm
(accessed February 2017).
New York Age.
News and Observer,Raleigh,N. C.
North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Statistics Division,Farm Census Reports, 1925, Box 24
(Onslow-Pasquotank Counties),North Carolina State Archives,Raleigh.
North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State. "Colored Orphan Asylum of North Carolina."
http://www.secretary.state.nc.us/Search/profcorp/4905941 (accessed January 2015).
North Carolina Department of Public Safety. "Youth Development Centers,"https://www2.ncdps.gov
(accessed July 2017).
North Carolina Railroad Company. "NCRR History."http://www.ncrr.com/about-ncrr/ncrr-history/
24
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No.1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number 9 Page 26 North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls
Orange County,NC
(accessed March 2017).
North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare. Brief History of the Care of the Under-
Privileged Child in North Carolina, Special Bulletin Number 13. Raleigh, 1934.
. Biennial Report of the North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, 1920-
1922. Raleigh:North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, 1922. State agency
name abbreviated NCSBCPW after first appearance in text.
. Biennial Report of the North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, 1924-
26.Raleigh: NCSBCPW, 1926.
. Biennial Report of the North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, 1932-
1934. Charlotte: Observer Printing House, 1934.
. Biennial Report of the North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, 1938-
1940. Raleigh: Edwards and Broughton, 1940.
.North Carolina's Social Welfare Program for Negroes. Special Bulletin Number 8.
Raleigh, 1926.
North Carolina State Board of Public Welfare Institutions and State Charitable,Penal, and Correctional
Institutions (abbreviated NCSBPWI). Box 163,North Carolina State Archives,Raleigh.
Orange County Register of Deeds. Deed and Plat Books. Hillsborough,N. C.
Pittsburgh Courier.
Powell, William S. Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, Volume 4. Chapel Hill: University of
North Carolina Press, 1991.
. North Carolina through Four Centuries. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,
1989.
Reeves, Margaret. Training Schools for Delinquent Girls.New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1929.
Sanders, Wiley Britton.Negro Child Welfare in North Carolina:A Rosenwald Study. Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 1933.
25
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No.1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number 9 Page 27 North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls
Orange County,NC
Scott,Anne Firor. "Most Invisible of All: Black Women's Voluntary Associations." The Journal of
South History,Vol. 56,No. 1 (February 1990),pp. 3-22.
University of North Carolina Extension Division.Public Welfare and the Community,Vol. IV,No. 10
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1925), 10-11, 16-17.
U. S. Censuses. Population Schedules, 1900-1940.
U. S. Department of Agriculture. Aerial photographs AJV-9-43 (1938), 6P-32 (1955), 176-78 (1975).
North Carolina Office of Archives and History; Raleigh,North Carolina.
Accessed through University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill's GIS Services at
http://library.unc.edu/services/data/gis-usda/orange (February 2017).
Virginia Industrial Home for Colored Girls. Fifth Annual Report of the Industrial Home for Colored
Girls, 1920.
Wells,John, and Susan Pickens. "Thornwell/Presbyterian College Historic District."National Register
of Historic Places Nomination, 1981.
Winston-Salem Journal,N. C.
26
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No.1024-0018
(8-86)
United States Department of the Inter for
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number 10 Page 29 North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls
Orange County,NC
Additional Documentation: Historic Images
........................
At
1
fir, .
_ ,-A� � T-'
r
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This image appeared in two North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare publications:
Biennial Report of the North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, 1924-26 (Raleigh:
NCSBCPW, 1926),p. 120, and North Carolina's Social Welfare Program for Negroes, Special
Bulletin Number 8, Raleigh, 1926,p. 37.
27
NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No.1024-0018
(8 86)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
Continuation Sheet
Section number 10 Page 30 North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls
Orange County,NC
SAVE GIRLS
ftr.
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0.
OUR FIRST CITTC
North C .rol ra Industrial Horne for Culorc.1 girls, ,loans , O rar e County, N. C.
NCIHCG, circa 1930 fundraising brochure,NCSBPWI, Box 163
North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls 28
201 Redman Crossing, Efland, Orange County, North Carolina, National Register Boundary Map
Redman Crossing
MENEM
sr
-- -�. �.., � �. ,�..,> �- .:.- .. .:.o'r u��_ � •�Z 9�I�i�i� � Iii i �yp�� ��� 9 II
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Pump House,third quarter
of the twentieth century,
Solar Farm 2016
noncontributing structure
Cottage, 1925
Latitude: 36.079577
' Longitude: -79.197533
r National Register Boundary
b
v �
fr�
z
�4
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�t
-
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y
Heather Fearnbach,Fearnbach History Services,Inc./February 2017
Base 2017 aerial photo courtesy of Google Maps at https://www.google.com/maps Scale 1" = 100 feet
29
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Efland Home, front or north elevation
- ,
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•Efland Home, rear elevation 1 _ !+ ,. ,M.... :.!; _ �,k n ,x
. .�,���.. .., g..� '-.��gin:.��,:;, , �
f[[`��j ...-........x�r<:�K:l.`ie'ix.`.�'4•! L4 !j1':x.
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. _-_-c-..` fix:. ..�i:e..�.-��"T.."�'F '�f� �.' k.:�%�,,:,,�. .I
.
30
Attachment 2
SAVE OUR GIRLS
Outstanding Needs
Amount due on property ------------------ ------ ----- --- --- -------- - $2,000.00 u I f
Salaries ---- ---- ------ --._. . --- ._ . _------. --- 2,000.00
Repairs - - --- 500.00
_... . (�
Groccnes _ __.. ...__... . ___. 1,300.00 �
Miscellaneous supplies ------- _------------------------------- 370.00
Insurance ---------------------------- -- --- - -- ----------------- 78.57
Total $6,248.57
The State of North Carolina has appropriated$2,000 per year towards this amount.
These children come from homes of parents who seem to have no interest whatsoever. OUR FIRST COTTAGE
We board and clothe them. North Carolina Industrial Home for Colored Girls, Efland, Orange County, N. C.
When you are disposing of anything look at-it.with Ffland dome in mind, for the
girls there are always in need of the articles in the following list. The smallest amount Project fostered and maintained by
added to the Petty Cash Fund allows the purchase of cloth out of which to make. a uni-
form dress and secure the other necessities that cannot be enumerated. Standard list of " North Carolina Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
needs: Shoes (all sizes), toothpaste, soap, writing tablets, pencils, hair brush,white vase- Mrs.chariorce Hawkins Brown,P—icenr
line, scrap paper for school, shoe strings, thread, pins (safety and common).
Board of Trustees EFLAND HOME ACCOMPLISHES ITS MISSION
Mrs. T.W. Bickett,Raleigh,Honorary Cbairman Mrs. C. S. Moore, Durham OURS IS TO SAVE AND SERVE
Mrs. W. G.Pearson, Durham, Chairman Mrs. R. E. Watts, Raleigh
Mrs. J. A. Cotton, Henderson Mrs. Rose Aggrey, Salisbury
Mrs_A. J. Griffin, High Point Mrs. Maggie Trent, Salisbury
Mrs. G. E. Davis,Charlotte Prof. W. G. Pearson, Durham `l `_� `l
M rs. Kelsey, a is ury Treasurer,or Flome
Mrs. Julia Warren, Durham Miss A. Bailey,Sedalia
Mrs.C. Hawkins Brown,Sedalia Corresponding Secretary ff7ill rom Help VS 11nswe9 7 his Great Need?
31
What We Have Accomplished
1. In 1921—purchased 140 acres of land within two miles of Efland post office.
2. Paid $750 on purchase price of $7,150.
3. Women of state cancelled this indebtedness in five y ears.
f Domestic vocations are taught,
�^ Mr preparing 4. Built cottage, installed light, heat, water system and equipment at cost of about �d s T �' �1� �� p p g them as cooks, nurses,
$15,000. ., � t � chambermaids,etc.,knowing that
5. Only indebtedness of $2,000 remains on this property. knowledge with efficiency is what
6. Cared for 40 girls during this period-20 already paroled, most of whom have will aid in transforming the idle
returned to society, able to earn a living and to become useful .members of their com-
mind into a fertile field for the
munities.
production of healthy,7. A faun has been cultivated: otatoes, corn, wheat, vegetables for canning etc., - � ��� z� �°� p Y, PPY,
P g o, � '
have been raised in sufficient quantities to meet a great part of the needs of the boarding .„���� `� `�,r � ,��` clean thinking.
department. x�
8. We employ three workers=Superintendent, Teacher, Farm Director. Classes are
held half day for eight months; other half day is spent in practical household work, etc. Ivlxs. M. L. CLINTON,
9. Girls of Home sent creditable exhibit to the last meeting of State Federation, � �
� �. *�� �� Acting Sacperin.tendent,
finding sale for many articles. �� ��� � ka MRS. BERrxn VINCENT,
�? x_�..,v2 .z Assistant.
Our Aim
Helping themselves while others
To save the young %"__2'-`O b In His name we are help them
Negro girl who is on � ' l t �; -launching this effort to Financial statement
the verge of wasting r � r save Negro woman-
`` R RECEIPTS
her life,and to give her TF hood, and we hope to Brought forward (balance 1929-30) __ _ --------------------- ..$ 51.42
surround these g i r I s From State Department quarterly
a second chance. t —
Onl girls under six- to y with the S Mt of Jesus From North Carolina Federation of Clubs_ — 00000
Only g s� P J From Juvenile Court (Charlotte) 20.00
teen years of age will i whose memorable From private donations ..._ .. .. .. .. . 532.00
be taken, and these will }words were, "Go i n Total
µ
-- .$3,799.72
be given a p ractical peace and sin no more."
EXPENDITURES
ES -
knowledge of the house- `; Salaries ............. --. .:..-- . . --_ .--_.............. _. ----------- X1,453.00
hold arts that the _k Repairs ---- -- - ------- - --- -- 281.00
Y may Groceries ..-------------------------------
-- - ---------------------...... .... 1,204.21
go out equipped to ,`� 4 °'h � =,t� Traveling expenses ----------------------------------- _ _ 42.00
1 s ,r Miscellaneous .. _- ... ..-. 278.72.
earn a living. Insurance
_.' 7$_52
i Payments and interest on mortgage.. .. g60,p0
Indebtedness on groceries --------------- ------------- -------------
491.73
They Deserve Your Interest Total -------------------------- _ ___- .----.................._..._.._------------------------------$4,297.50 $4,297.50
i
Attachment 3 32
gettp of
ry
pt ftt
ORANGE COUNTY
HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION
September 27, 2017
Mr. Mark Dorosin, Chair
Orange County Board of County Commissioners
PO Box 8181
Hillsborough,NC 27278
RE: Historic Preservation Commission Recommendation for listing the Efland Home
in the National Register of Historic Places
Dear Chair Dorosin:
The members of the Orange County Historic Preservation Commission(HPC)have
reviewed the National Register nomination for the Efland Home and passed a motion
offering their strong endorsement for listing this property in the National Register of
Historic Places.
The HPC appreciates the support of the BOCC in our efforts to promote and encourage
the preservation and recognition of our historic resources for the benefit of all citizens of
Orange County.
Sincerely,
is
Todd Dickinson, Chair
Historic Preservation Commission
cc: David Stancil, Director, DEAPR
Peter Sandbeck, Cultural Resources Coordinator
33
DRAFT Attachment 4
[Recommended Text for Elected Official Comment Letter for Efland Home
National Register Nomination (to be copied onto BOCC letterhead) as per the
BOCC motion of support made at their regular meeting on October 3, 2017]
October 3, 2017
Ms. Jennifer Brosz
National Register Coordinator
State Historic Preservation Office
Office of Archives and History
Department of Cultural Resources
4617 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-4617
RE: Efland Home National Register Nomination
Efland vicinity, Orange County
Dear Ms. Brosz:
This is to inform you that the Orange County Board of County Commissioners has reviewed the
National Register nomination for the Efland Home and find that the property meets the criteria
for listing in the National Register of Historic Places as stated in Section 8 of the nomination
report. We therefore recommend that the property be submitted for listing in the Register.
We appreciate the assistance and support that you provide to our Historic Preservation
Commission and to the citizens of Orange County with their efforts to protect and preserve our
historic resources.
Sincerely,
Mark Dorosin, Chair
cc: Todd Dickinson, Chair, Historic Preservation Commission
Peter Sandbeck, Cultural Resources Coordinator