HomeMy WebLinkAboutAgenda - 10-23-2007-3bORANGE COUNTY
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
ACTION AGENDA ITEM ABSTRACT
Meeting Date: October 23, 2007
Action Age ~a
Item No.
SUBJECT: Consideration of the DRAFT Social Justice Goal
DEPARTMENT: Human Rights and Relations PUBLIC HEARING: (YIN) No
ATTACHMENT(S):
Social Justice Goal Draft
(Under Separate Cover)
INFORMATION CONTACT:
Shoshannah Smith, 960-3877
PURPOSE: To receive the Orange County Human Relations Commission's recommendations
regarding a proposed Orange County Social Justice Goal.
BACKGROUND: The enclosed report responds to a February 2004 directive from the Orange
County Board of County Commissioners (BOCC). The BOCC requested that the Orange
County Human Relations Commission (HRC), through the Department of Human Rights and
Relations (HR&R), develop a social justice goal for Orange County for consideration by the
BOCC.
To accomplish the BOCC's directive, Professor John Calmore, an internationally acknowledged
expert in Social Justice Lawyering and Social Justice Practice, was contacted to provide insight
and guidance. Professor Calmore stressed the importance of ensuring that input is solicited and
received from the primary beneficiaries of any social justice goal.
In keeping with Professor Calmore's guidance, the HRC and staff solicited feedback from
diverse segments of the Orange County populace. The enclosed draft document was crafted
based upon input from Orange County residents, Orange County human services departments,
and Orange County citizen-advisory boards and commissions.
FINANCIAL IMPACT: Unknown.
RECOMMENDATION(S): The Manager recommends that the Board receive and review the
draft document and provide comments and further instructions to staff and the HRC.
a
~~
Cj~
...
~nviro~~~~~al ~usgi~~
~li~ina~i ?npression
~.
C.3
c~
0
~:
~~
i '',
['.. .
o~~~~i~~~~ ~oo~
3
MEMO OF TRANSMITTAL
TO: Members, ORANGE COUNTY BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS
MOSES CAREY, Chair
BARRY JACOBS, Vice-Chair
VALERIA FOUSHEE
ALICE GORDON
MICHAEL NELSON
FROM: WILLIAM HENDRICKSON, Chair
Orange County fiiuman Y~lationa ~ommi~~ion
DATE: August 30, 2007
RE: ORANGE COUNTY SOCIAL JUSTICE GOAL REPORT
The enclosed report responds to a February 2004 directive from the Orange County
Board of County Commissioners (BOCC). The BOCC requested that the Orange County Human
Relations Commission (HRC), through the Department of Human Rights and Relations (HR&R),
develop a social justice goal for Orange County for consideration by the BOCC. Orange County
is one of the most progressive counties in the State of North Carolina. The National Association
of Counties was unable to find any county that had adopted a "social justice goal."
Consequently, the BOCC's interest in considering a social justice goal for the County explicates
the County's progressiveness.
Since the term "social justice" was first used in 1840, it has caused great debate amongst
and between social scientists, the faith community, politicians, national governments, and
basically anyone whose purpose is to define the term. Orange County residents and the HRC
also realized the complexity of defining or fashioning what "social justice" is or should look like.
To accomplish the BOCC's directive, Professor John Calmore, Reef C. Ivey
Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Law
and internationally acknowledged expert in Social Justice Lawyering and Social Justice Practice,
was contacted to provide insight and guidance. Professor Calmore stressed the importance of
ensuring input is solicited and received from the primary beneficiaries of any social justice goal.
In adherence to Professor Calmore's guidance, input was solicited from the residents of Orange
County, from the human services departments within Orange County government, and from
Orange County citizen advisory boards and/or commissions. The enclosed document was
crafted based upon input from Orange County residents, input from Orange County human
services departments, and Orange County citizen-advisory boards and/or commissions.
No one has provided a simple definition for social justice -its boundaries, scope, and
purpose - at least one that most social scientists, politicians, or social justice advocates agree. A
major obstacle to developing a precise and universally acceptable definition arises in part to the
all-encompassing scope of equal access and equal treatment. From this perspective, social
justice could be both a process and a goal. It includes a vision of a society that is equitable and
all members are physically and psychologically safe. The aim of social justice is full and equal
participation of all groups in a society designed and mutually shaped to meet their needs.
The enclosed report proposes to achieve social justice in Orange County, the County shall
perform government duties including policy making and budgeting with the express objectives of
eliminating oppression and creating equal opportunity; creating a community where individuals
may sufficiently provide for their own physical, social, and mental needs and the needs of their
dependents; and to provide safety net mechanisms for those, whom for circumstances beyond
their control, find themselves unable to do so; creating a community where no groups are
targeted for harassment, intimidation or violence; balancing a healthful environment with a
sustainable economy; and encouraging and enabling all residents to participate civically. The
proposed recommendations require collaborative efforts at all levels of government, tax dollars,
and personal and collective commitment to the ideology of equal access and equal treatment.
In reaching consensus to forward the enclosed report to the BOCC, the HRC, as has
others who cogitate the issue of social justice, engaged in lively discussion and voiced diverse
opinions and perspectives. The HRC was given opportunity to submit comments and/or
questions regarding the report to staff. The comments and/or questions submitted and staff's
responses are available for review.
The government of the United States is a State Party to two international human rights
treaties: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) and the International
Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD). Ratification of the CCPR and
CERD means that the government is legally obliged to enforce these treaties by respecting,
protecting and fulfilling the rights they cover; this includes passing relevant domestic laws and
regulations. A key concept in both conventions is the principle of non-discrimination, which
means that every person is entitled to the rights covered by the treaties without distinctions of
any kind such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social
origin, property, birth or other status. If the BOCC adopts a social justice goal for Orange
County, the BOCC's action would be an expression of local-level implementation of the two
treaties endorsed by the federal government.
5
S
T ~.
~'~~ T
MEMO OF TRANSMITTAL .......................................................................................................... i
SOCIAL JUSTICE GOAI . ............................................................................................................. 1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1
Background ............................................................................:.................................................... 2
Orange County Department of Human Rights & Relations ................................................... 2
The Social Justice Goal ........................................................................................................... 2
Methodolo ............................... 4
gY ....................................................................................................
What is Social Justice? .................................................................................................................... 6
What do Orange County residents want? ..................................................................................:..... 8
Orange County and Social Justice ................................................................................................. 9
SOCIAL JUSTICE 'VISION ................................................................................................................. 10
RECOMIvIENDATIONS FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE ..................................................................................... 10
Eliminating Oppression .................................................................................................... 11
Discrimination ............................................................................................................... 11
Education .........................................................................:............................................ 12
Economic Self Sufficiency ............................................................................................... 13
Income and Wealth ..:....................................:............................................................... 13
Healthcare ........................:............................................................................................ 14
Housing ......................................................................................................................... 15
Physically and Mentally Safe Communities ..................................................................... 15
Environmental Justice ....................................................................................................... 16
Civic Participation ............................................................................................................ 16
Voting ........................................................................................................................... 16
Other ................................................................................................................................. 17
Tax Relief ...................................................................................................................... 17
Transportation ............................................................................................................... 17
Attachment 1: PENNIES IN A JAR ............................................................................................. 19
Attachment IL SOCIAL JUSTICE ISSUE EXAMPLES;. ........................................................... 20
Attachment III: LISTENINGS ..................................................................................................... 21
1~ttachment IV: Professor Cahnore's Comments ........................................................................ 22
Attaclunent V: Events/Groups' Sohostations ............................................................................. 28
,:. ,:_
..........
Table of Authorlties .................................:.................................................................................. 53
2004 ORANGE COUNTY BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS .................................. 54
2007 ORANGE COUNTY BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS .................................. 54
2004 Orange Cotuity fiiuman `t~.Qlation~ ~'ommi~~ion (fil`I~,~ Membershp ............................... 55
2007 Orange County filuman `1~,szlation~ ~ommi~~ion (fiI`Ia,~ Membership ............................... 55
~-~~LETTERHEAD STATIONERY GOES HEREOF-F-
ME~® ®F T~NJMIA~.
TO: Members, ORANGE COUNTY BOARD OF COUNTY COnuvuSSIONERS
MOSES CAREY, Chair
BARRY JACOBS, Vice-Chair
VALERIA FOUSHEE
ALICE CORDON
MICHAEL NELSON
FROM: WILLIAM HENDRICKSON, Chair
Orange County'~iuman Rszlation~ ~ommi~~ion
DATE: August 30, 2007
RE: ORANGE COUNTY SOCIAL JUSTICE GOAL REPORT
The enclosed report responds to a February 2004 directive from the Orange County
Board of County Commissioners (BOCC). The BOCC requested that the Orange County Human
Relations Commission (Hi2.C), through the Department of Human Rights and Relations (HR&R),
develop a social justice goal for Orange County for consideration by the BOCC. Orange County
is one of the most progressive counties in the State of North Carolina. The National Association
of Counties was unable to find any county that had adopted a "social justice goal."
Consequently, the BOCC's interest in considering a social justice goal for the County explicates
the County's progressiveness.
Since the term "social justice" was first used in 1840, it has caused great debate amongst
and between social scientists, the faith community, politicians, national governments, and
basically anyone whose purpose is to define the term. Orange County residents and the HRC
also realized the complexity of defining or fashioning what "social justice" is or should look like.
To accomplish the BOCC's directive, Professor John Calmore, Reef C. Ivey
Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Law
and internationally acknowledged expert in Social Justice Lawyering and Social Justice Practice,
was contacted to provide insight and guidance. Professor Calmore stressed the importance of
ensuring input is solicited and received from the primary beneficiaries of any social justice goal.
In adherence to Professor Calmore's guidance, input was solicited from the residents of Orange
County, from the human services deparhnents within Orange County government, and from
Orange County citizen advisory boards and/or commissions. The enclosed document was
crafted based upon input from Orange County residents, input from Orange County human
services departments, and Orange County citizen-advisory boards and/or commissions.
Memo of_Tran~mittal __ i
No one has provided a simple definition for social justice -its boundaries, scope, and
purpose - at least one that most social scientists, politicians, or social justice advocates agree. A
major obstacle to developing a precise and universally acceptable definition arises in part to the
all-encompassing scope of equal access and equal treatment. From this perspective; social
justice could be both a process and a goal. It includes a vision of a society that is equitable and
all members are physically and psychologically safe. The aim of social justice is full and equal
participation of all groups in a society designed and mutually shaped to meet their needs.
The enclosed report proposes to achieve social justice in Orange County, the County shall
perform government duties including policy making and budgeting with the express objectives of
eliminating oppression and creating equal opportunity; creating a community where individuals
may sufficiently provide for their own physical, social, and mental needs and the needs of their
dependents; and to provide safety net mechanisms for those, whom for circumstances beyond
their control, fmd themselves unable to do so; creating a community where no groups are
targeted for harassment, intimidation or violence; balancing a healthful environment with a
sustainable economy; and encouraging and enabling all residents to participate civically. The
proposed recommendations require collaborative efforts at all levels of government, tax dollars,
and personal and collective commitrnent to the ideology of equal access and equal treatment.
In reaching consensus to forward the enclosed report to the BOCC, the HRC, as has
others who cogitate the issue of social justice, engaged in lively discussion and voiced diverse
opinions and perspectives. The HRC was given opportunity to submit comments and/or
questions regarding the report to staff. The comments and/or questions submitted and staff's
responses are available for review.
The government of the United States is a State Party to two international human rights
treaties: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) and the International
Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD). Ratification of the CCPR and
CERD means that the government is legally obliged to enforce these treaties by respecting,
protecting and fulfilling the rights they cover; this includes passing relevant domestic laws and
regulations. A key concept in both conventions is the principle of non-discrimination, which
means that every person is entitled to the rights covered by the treaties without distinctions of
any kind such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social
origin, property, birth or other status. If the BOCC adopts a social justice goal for Orange
County, the BOCC's action would be an expression of local-level implementation of the two
treaties endorsed by the federal government.
..__
Memo, of :Trazzsfn, tfal_ ii
CJ'
s®c=AL,us°racE Go~-L
INTRO®UCTI®tV
In the past decade, "social justice" has become a "buzz-word" for politicians,
activists and organizations across the country. During the 2004 presidential election,
one of the candidates talked about achieving social justice in his bid for the Vice
Presidency. The Green Party has set a ten point social justice agenda and advocacy
organizations continue to call for its achievement. However, prior to its- adoption by
United States politicians, .religious organizations and non-governmental organizations
across the world have named it as a primary objective. Other national governments of
industrialized and developing countries have ministries of social justice (i.e. Australia
and India). Advocacy organizations have developed action agendas that include social
government. Now, government in the United States is beginning to pursue it. And
while everyone wants "it" few have agreed what "it" is.
As of February 10, 2005 Jackie Byers, Director of Research, for the National
Association of Counties (NACO) was unable to find any County that had adopted a
"Social Justice Goal." However, she did find information on three (3) counties that had
incorporated social justice as a component of another goal or as part of a work plan for
the county; Santa Barbara, Morin and Santa Cruz counties. All of these Counties are
located in California. Like these counties, Orange County is considered a highly
desirable place to live, it has great schools, beautiful parks and open spaces, it has
quaint shops and a top notch university, it has a high cost of living in relation to its
neighbors, housing prices are high, development is limited and, as time passes, it is
.,.. . .... .... .... ... .... .... .......
..ORANGE COUNTYSOCIAL JUSTICE GOAL REPORT ,.... ';Page l_of 59
...
becoming less and less diverse with regards to race and income. Unlike those other
counties, Orange County will be the first county to set a goal designed to reverse these
trends.
BACKGROUND
Orange County ®epartment of Human Rights ~c Relations
The Orange County Commission for Women (CFW) was created in the 1960's. At
that time; the CFW had no staff and was completely comprised of volunteers. The
Commission operated independently with limited staff until the first part-time staff
member was hired. The Human Relations Commission (HRC) came into existence in
the early 1990's in response to some troubling incidents of racial hatred in Hillsborough.
Finally in 1996, the Department of Human Rights and Relations was created to enforce
civil rights laws, conduct community outreach and education and serve as a voice on
issues of human rights and relations. The Department is currently home to both the
HRC and CFW and five (5) staff members who are responsible for a wide range of
duties.
The Social.7ustice Goal
During the 2002 County Commissioners' Retreat, the Commissioners mentioned
interest in pursuing a social justice goal for the County. The manager's office with the
Human Services Management Team (HSMT) began working on a social justice goal for
Orange County. HSMT drew together a list of programs and potential needs which
could be addressed in a social justice goal. HSMT's recommendations and discussion
incorporated the Human Services Reform Task Force Final Report presented to the
... ..
..................................... ......................... ...,...... ......... .... ......... ........ ........ ......... ...,..... ..
ORANGE COUNTYSOCIAL JUSTICE GDAL REPORT ,: ,...Page 2 of 59 ,
1~
Board of County Commissioners (BOCC) in September of 1996. In November of 2003,
the human services directors added new items for general discussion to the list: e.g.
the housing wage and family-friendly practices in the workplace. Discussion also
centered on how to ensure fair and equitable distribution of public resources and
services across all population groups.
During a BOCC meeting in February of 2004, the Board requested that the
Department of Human Rights and Relations through the Human Relations Commission
address the issue and make recommendations to the Board of County Commissioners.
Towards that end, the Department of Human Rights and Relations began
working with Professor John Calmore, to lay the foundation upon which a social justice
goal could be crafted by providing information on what social justice is and how it might
be implemented by a local government entity.. On February 16, 2005 and April 18,
2005, Professor Calmore met with. members of the Human Relations Commission and
the Board of County Commissioners to provide a foundation for understanding the
concept of social justice. Additionally, March 8, 2005, Professor Calmore met with
members of the Human Services Management Team to provide a foundation for
understanding the meaning of implementing a social justice goal.
From .September 14, 2005 to June 17, 2006, the HRC attended public events to
solicit public input regarding social justice in Orange County and held public listening
sessions to ensure that the intended beneficiaries of a social justice .goal were also
included in its crafting. In addition, county advisory boards and commissions were
asked to provide their input.
... .....
ORANGE COUNTYSOCIAL TUSTICE GOAL :REPORT _ _.._ Page 3 of 59
., __
The final crafting of the goal incorporated public input, advisory board input and
review of related strategic plans and goals relating to other county agencies.
NIETHO®OLOGY
One important aspect of any movement for social justice is that the marginalized,
disenfranchised and oppressed are included in developing solutions to issues of
concern, for this reason the Human Relations Commission (HRC) and the Department of
Human Rights and Relations (the Department) deliberately sought input from Orange
County residents. The HRC decided to use three methods to solicit input from County
residents: 1) Direct solicitation, 2) Public listenings, and 3) Requesting input from other
County advisory boards and commissions.
The HRC developed an interactive method of soliciting community input directly
and named it The "Pennies in a Jar" Tool (Pennies Tool) [Appendix I]. This Pennies
Tool was developed to solicit input from County residents about how they would spend
$13 of their own tax dollars in furtherance of social justice. Social Justice was defined
as covering five (5) broad categories plus one "other" category to include: eliminating
oppression, civic participation, economic self-sufficiency, environmental justice and
physically and mentally safe communities. (Appendix II). HRC members brainstormed a
number of specific issues relating to each category. These issues were representative
of the concerns and issues in their own communities. Residents were asked to spend
their dollars in the five (5) categories. They were allowed to either use their dollars on
the broad category or allocate their dollars to a specific issue within the categories or
designate their own category or issue in the `other" jar. HRC members and staff used
ORANGE.COUNTYSOCG9LJ(ISTICE.GOALREPORT Pa e 4 0 59
.,. g.......f.... ,
~a
the Pennies Tool in eighteen (18) venues in Northern, Central and Southern Orange
County.
The HRC, with staff, held three (3) public listening sessions -one in the
northern, central and southern parts of the County (Appendix TII). These sessions were
publicized in local papers and on the County website. Only one (1) resident participated
in the public listenings.
Finally, through staff, the HRC sought input from six (6) advisory boards and
commissions.
..................... ......................................... ......... .................... .... .....
ORANGE COUNTYSOCIAL JUSTICE GOAL REPORT Pa e S o S9
_ _ .. I,. _....:: g........f... ~.
I~
WH~-1' IS ~OCI~L JIJ°fICE?
There is little agreement. Social Justice is difFicult to define and each community
when looking at the issues and concept of social justice must define social justice for
itself and prioritize the issues of social justice accordingly. Based on Professor ]ohn
Calmore's1 (Appendix N) research all visions of social justice have four (4) elements in
common:
a) Social justice involves substantive (actual) not just formal (legal) equality
of opportunity
b) It seeks to remove underlying causes of oppression (i.e. racism, sexism,
homophobia, economic inequity etc.)
c) Involves an expansive view of rights and often recognizes rights NOT
generally recognized in courts of law or by local government
d) Involves witnessing, critique and speaking out as key components.
Further, while social justice seeks a more just society generally it is focused
specifically on the marginalized, disenfranchised, subordinated, excluded and under-
represented. As members of the Orange County focus community wake up,
a) What do they see?
b) What basic necessities, if any, are absent?
c) What frustrates their hope?
d) What opportunity-denying circumstances constrain them?
I Reef C. Ivey Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Law.
Internationally acknowledged expert in Social Justice Lawyering and Social Justice Practice.
..... ......... ......... ......................... ......... ......... ....... ....... ..... ...... .........
`ORANGE COUNTYSOCIAL JUSTICE GOAL REPORT Page:6 of 59 ,
i~
e) What, in the name of social justice, can this local governmental body do
to provide redress and close inequality gaps?
Research into the field of social justice shows that it is not an endeavor most
local governments enter into frequently. According to Jackie Byers, Research Director
for the National Association of Counties, there are only three (3) local governments in
the United States who address the issue of social justice in their work; Marin, Santa
Barbara and Santa Cruz Counties in California. None of those Counties has established
a "Social Justice Goal." Social Justice is an issue that, until recently, has been
addressed by nongovernmental grassroots organizations: faith communities, political
parties and advocacy organizations. Orange County is one of the first to attempt to
achieve social justice at a local government level.
The Human Relations Commission has defined social justice in Orange County as
a community that actively seeks to eliminate oppression and create equal opportunity;
where individuals may. sufficiently provide for their physical and mental needs and the
needs of their dependents; where individuals live in physically and mentally safe
communities; where the environment and economy are sustainable and where all are
able to participate civically.
...... ........ ....... .... . .
..................... ......... ......................... ... ....... ..... ..... ..... ......
....
ORANGE COUNTYSOCIAL JUSTICE GOAL REPORT _ Page: 7 of 59
15
1NHAT ®O ORANGE COUNTI( REaIEN1° AN7'?
Residents that participated in the Pennies Tool, primarily, gave money to broad
categories of social justice although a number of residents designated specific issues of
concern.
Approximately 550 residents spent $7,169.002 on social justice. The categories
of social justice are ordered below in descending order of importance based on the
amount of money allotted to each category by Orange County residents.
1. ELIMINATION OF OPPRESSION
2. ECONOMIC SELF-SUFFICIENCY
~. PHYSICALLY AND N~ENTALLY SAFE COMMUNITIES
4. ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE
5. CIVIC PARTICIPATION
G. OTHER
Elimination of Oppression received 26.2% of the dollars, followed by economic
self-sufficiency at 20.4%, followed by physically and mentally safe communities at
16.9%. The next two categories differed by only 1/5 of a percentage point at 13.3%
and 13.1%, environmental justice followed by civic participation respectively. Finally,
the other category garnered 10.1% of the total tax dollars and included issues such as
reproductive justice, animal protection and taking money from the rich to give to the
poor among other things. A substantial amount of dollars were allocated to specific
a 550 participants would have spent $7150, however, not all participants chose to spend all of their allotted tax
dollars. It is likely that more than 550 residents participated but they did not spend all allocated dollars and were pot
represented in the final tally of residents
ORANGE COUNTPSOCIAL JUSTICE GOAL REPORT ,;, Page 8 of 59
i~
issues under existing categories such as elimination of gang activity under physically
and mentally safe communities but were placed nonetheless in the "Other" category
(Tallies of Pennies Activities: Appendix V).
O NGE COUNTY AND SOCIAL'USTICE
Orange County is, without doubt, one of the most progressive Counties in the
State of North Carolina and has more social justice programs than most other
communities. However, the County and its residents are heavily impacted by state and
national policies that have been predominantly regressive and have placed primary
responsibility for social justice on local government's doorstep.
While the County continues to grow and the demand for services continue to
grow, County coffers have not been growing at the same rate. Each year government
administrators and elected officials are forced to make difficult decisions regarding
funding for programs, all of which are important to the health of our local community.
..... .....
OR~f1VGE COUNTYSOClAL .TUSTICE GOAL REPORT ; ; _ Pa e 9 0 59 i
~. ~ .... f .....
l~
SOCIAL'USTICE VISION
In working to achieve social justice, Orange County shall perform government
duties including policy making and budgeting with the express objectives of;
1. Eliminating oppression and creating equal opportunity;
2. Creating a community where individuals may sufl"iciently provide for their
own physical, social, and mental needs and the needs of their
dependents; and to provide safety net mechanisms for those, whom for
circumstances beyond their control, find themselves unable to do so;
3. Creating a community where no groups are targeted for harassment,
intimidation or violence;
4. Balancing a a healthful environment with a sustainable economy; and
5. Encouraging and enabling all residents to participate civically.
CO /~TIONS FOR OI L ]STIC
Recommendations are grouped by social justice category. They take into account
the input of residents gathered by staff and Commission members, as well as, the input
of County Department Heads, the Human Services Management Team, a number of
County Advisory Boards and Commissions, the Human Relations Commission and
Commission for Women. They are structured so that a desired outcome statement is
followed by a list of recommendations/strategies to achieve the desired outcome.
... .. ... ..
..... ......................... ......................................................... ......... ....... .......: ...... ....... ........ ....
ORfiNGE CDUNTYSOCIAL TUSTICE GOAL REPORT ,; Page ZO of 59;
18
ELIlVIINATING OPPRESSION
Actively seek and promote equal opportunities in all government/government-
sponsored services for historically oppressed groups while working to eliminate
discrimination against those groups through policies, regulations, programs and
funding.
DISCRIMINATION
Promote policies, programs and regulations that reduce
discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex,
sexual orientation, gender identity; age, religion and
disability.
• Seek legislative authority to enforce employment discrimination laws in
Orange County by drafting legislation and actively seeking a legislative
sponsor for a statewide employment discrimination law.
• Expand Orange County's Civil Rights Ordinance to include protection against
discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity.
• Conduct a pay equity study to determine if Orange County provides equal pay
for equal work considering education, experience and job responsibility. The
study should include determinations of position classifications that have
become genderized or racialized and have resulting pay inequities.
• Increase the number of Orange County employees who are able to speak
Spanish fluently by reviewing necessary policies that create barriers to hiring
fluent Spanish speakers and are bi-cultural.
• Ensure that potential Orange County employees hired for Spanish speaking
ability are able to speak Spanish and to speak English adequately..
..................... ......... ......................................... ......... ... .. ..... ........ .......
ORANGE COUNTYSOCIAL JUSTICE GOAL REPORT Page X l of 59 ;.
i~
EDUCATION
Improve access to educational opportunities at pre-
institutional, primary, secondary and postsecondary levels,
eliminate barriers to equal educational attainment in pre-
collegiate educational institutions and promote Orange
County's families' ability to provide home environments that
will improve a child's educational outcomes.
® Strive to make parenting and child development resources available and
accessible to parents, guardians and other persons responsible for caring for
children.
® Advocate that school systems develop a local public school curriculum that is
reflective of the experiences of people of color, women and other
underrepresented communities.
® Advocate that school systems educate school family counselors on issues of
bullying that include but not limited to cultural and ethnicity issues and
lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender students.
® Advocate that schools systems produce a plan with measurable benchmarks
and outcomes aimed at reducing the achievement gap between people of
color and Caucasian students. Ensure significant consequences for unmet
benchmarks.
Support legislation that will allow the American born children of immigrant
parents in North Carolina to attend North Carolina Universities as in-state
residents.
RANGE COUNTYSOCIAL JUSTICE, GOAL REPORT Page 12 of 59
ao
ECONOMIC SELF SUFFICIENCY
Provide the infrastructure, policies, programs and funding necessary for
individuals to provide necessities for themselves and their dependents in Orange
County including shelter, food, clothing and medical care and preserve the safety
net function of County government by aiding those who find themselves without
basic sustenance and support in the midst of life circumstances.
INCOMEAND WEALTH
Improve income security for individuals and families classified
as poor and working poor so that individuals and families are
able to support themselves and those for whom they are
responsible.
• Develop a Countywide Economic Responsibility Policy and institute a standing
Orange County Economic Justice Action Committee as a mechanism to
monitor the County's compliance with the objectives of the Economic
Responsibility Policy. This policy should address, among other things, the
allocation of County funding to balance the needs of affordable housing,
economic development, county infrastructure and a sustainable environment
to improve employment opportunities.
® Seek legislative authorization to implement a °big box" livable wage
ordinance requiring businesses occupying a certain square footage to pay a
wage that makes it possible for Orange County residents to live and work in
the County and to provide health insurance benefits.
Create a countywide job opportunities program for individuals limited by life
circumstances, cultivate relationships with employers to offer jobs to
individuals in the program.
® Create a temporary employment agency to provide benefits for trainees and
new workers while they gain permanent status and benefits.
... •-----... g ... l
ORANGE COUNTYSOCIAL TU3TICE GOAL REPORT _ _ _ Pa a Y3 0 59
_.....
a~
• Incorporate as part of Orange County's economic development strategy a
plan to attract businesses to Orange County that provide high wages and
health insurance.
• Contribute a percentage of Orange County employees' respective salaries to
the Orange County employees' respective 401K plan.
• Raise Orange County's living wage to a housing wage.
HEALTHCARE
Improve access to quality health care for uninsured and
underinsured Orange County residents and seek to reduce
outcomes in health disparities that result from poor
treatment.
• Advocate for a statewide HMO to provide medical coverage and services for
families who are under-employed and do not receive Medicaid.
• Co-locate personal and dental health services to increase accessibility for
populations currently being served.
• Create and implement economic development policies giving preference to
recruiting companies of a certain size who provide health insurance (i.e.
companies who employ more than 25 or 50 people).
• Advocate for a statewide health plan where smaller businesses can pool their
risks and afford to buy group insurance for themselves and their employees.
....... ...... ..... ......
..... ......... ......... ......................................... .... ... .. ....
ORANGE;COUNT'I'SOCIAL JUSTICE GOAL REPORT , . ;,... ,., _.,,,,, ;, _Page 14 Of 59 ,
as
Housnvc
Improve access to home ownership and affordable rental
housing opportunities for low- and moderate-income
residents targeting those who make 50% to 80% of area
median income, in addition to those who make 50% and
below.
• Implement a policy that requires developers of new housing to set aside a
portion of the. development for affordable housing units or requires them to
make a contribution to the Orange County Housing Trust Fund. Use the
funds to create affordable housing targeted at the market of owners who can
afford no more than $75,000.00 to $100.,000.00.
• Seek appropriate funding (i.e. CDBG, ,etc.) to build and develop affordable
rental housing owned through the Orange County Housing, Trust Fund located
near desirable schools, neighborhoods and transportation.
• Study the feasibility of redefining for Orange County Government purposes
the definition of "affordable housing" taking into account other cost of living
indicators using the Consumer Expenditure Survey.
PHYSICALLY AND MENTALLY SAFE COMMTJNITIES
Provide a community free from physical and mental fear and assault by
supporting policies, procedures, regulations, and programs that reduce
harassment, intimidation, and violence against any portion of Orange County
residents.
• Urge state legislators to improve hate crimes laws to increase protection to
include unprotected individuals (i.e. women and lesbian,. gay, bisexual and
transgender people).
...................... ......... ......... ......................... ......... ....... ....... ..... .........
,,ORANGE COfTNTYSOClAL JUSTIG"E GOAL REPORT __ ,Page,I S of 59
a3
• Work with local not for profits to create a shelter for battered women.
Currently Orange County women go to Durham, Chatham or Alamance
County to seek transitional housing.
• Encourage service providers to examine and alter service delivery venues and
methods to reflect different cultural contexts that are increasingly present in
the county.
• Support efforts of the community in addressing child abuse prevention,
bullying prevention, and gang activity.
ENVIRONMENTAL .TUSTICE
Promote land use planning, economic development, and environmental
protection while responsibly providing for resident needs for shelter,
employment, and public transportation.
® Continue supporting the Environmental Responsibility Goal that the Board of
County Commissioners adopted in December of 2005 to the extent that it
does not sacrifice the goal of economic self-sufficiency for Orange County
residents.
CIVIC PARTICIPATION
Ensure that Orange County residents are able to engage government through
voting and volunteering by identifying disparities in participation and barriers to
participation and seeking to eliminate the barriers and reduce disparities.
VOTING
Maintain Orange County's voting system and maintain a
paper trail of any electronic votes.
Support same day voter registration.
.... . ... ... ...
ORANGE COUNT'I'SOCIAL JUSTICE GOAL REPORT _.. ,... ... Page 16 of 59 .I
a ~-
OTHER
Assess Orange County policies and practices that can impact the ability of
persons to afford to live and work in Orange County
TAxREirEF
Diversify revenues for Orange County Government by
recruiting businesses to Orange County and providing
appropriate infrastructure for their existence thereby
reducing the need to continue raising property taxes and
increasing funding for services vital to county residents.
TRANSPORTATION
Strengthen and expand public transportation from northern
to southern Orange County adequate to meet the needs of
individuals without. private transportation to seek gainful
employment and, otherwise, live independently.
OR,4NGE EOUNTYSOCIAL JUSTICE GOAL REPaRT_ ... Page l7 of S9,
a5
AP E DICE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .......... . . . . ............ . . .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . .... . . . ..... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ORANGE COUNTYSOCIAL JUSTICE GO.~L.REPORT _ _ Pa a 18 0 59
_... ~ ..,..__. _.......... g.........~ f .. _....;
a~
~41?~-CHI~IENT 1: PENI~IE~ I ~- ]A
"HOW WOULD YOU LIKE YOUR TAX DOLLARS SPENT TO PROMOTE
SOCIAL JUSTICE IN ORANGE COUNTY?"
When asked, °°Wha$ is social justice?", one response is: "$OC1A1. JUSTICE is the
ideology that all human beings should have the right and opportunity to benefit equally
from the resources afforded them by society and the environment."
~I®~ t~ Play ~ Gee, ~'~~ pis j
1. You have 13 tag dollars ($13).
2. You review the attached list.
3. From the egamples under each category, you can either: a) choose specific issues
and specify an amount of your $13 to be spent on those specified issues OIt b) you
can just choose an overall category and specify an amount of your $13 to be spent on
that specific category. ExAMPLES T;ELOw:
A. TO SPECIFY A SPECIFIC ISSUE IN A CATEGORY, DRAW A LINE OPPOSITE THE SPECIFIC ISSUE
AND SPECIFY THE AMOUNT YOU WISH TO SPEND
~IVI~ hd~,R'~'1~1~/~TION _
/ fair and equitable representation of all residents
/ equal access to the voting process
/ create a process that allows residents to petition
and/or vote to have their property included/excluded
as part of a city or to
You've designated $4 of your $13 to be
_-~ $4 spent on the issue "equal access to the
voting process"
B. TO SPECIFY SUPPORT OF THE OVERALL CATEGORY, DRAW A LINE OPPOSITE THE CATEGORY
AND SPECIFY THE AMOUNT YOU WISH TO SPEND
~l~/iC P~7`ICIPA'TIIDN _
/ fair and equitable representation of all residents
/ equal access to the voting process
/ create a process that allows residents to petition
and/or vote to have their property included/excluded
as part of a city or town
'' $6 You've designated $6 of your $13 to be
spent on the category "CIVIC
PARTICIPATION'
4. If there is an issue not included on the attached list, please feel free to write that issue and
the amount of tag dollars to be spent to support that issue on the back of the attached sheet.
5. T~'uxNl,~Ci~/dUi!! You have completed the interactive game!
QUESTIONS•
Askthe FIRC Member who gave you this document.QR contact the Department of Human Rights & Relations
@ 960-3875...
ORANGE COUNTYSOCIAL JUSTICE GOAL REPORT. ;,. , Pa a I9 0 59 ,,
_ _........ bJ ....... f
a7
~-7~'ACHI~IE 1° II: S®CI~L 7U~°TIC ISS~JE
E~-MPLES
/ wage fairness/equality (regardless of gender, race, / free, 24-hour public transportation
physical disability, religion, sexual orientation, / affordable housing
nationality, etc.) / comprehensive job training
/ eliminate physical barriers to public buildings to / eliminate barriers to adoption due to sexual
increase access by physically challenged residents orientation of potential parents
/ ensure equal access to education, healthcare, / marriage equality for all
employment opportunities, contracting (regardless / eliminate profiling on the basis of age, ethnicity,
of gender, race, physical disability, religion, sexual race
orientation, nationality, religion, etc.) / countywide internship/apprenticeship programs
/ condemn any laws/policies that promote / condemn. any laws/policies that infringe and/or
discriminato ractices lessen residents' civil ri is/liberties
~IV9C P°fiCi~A'~'I~N
/ fair and equitable representation of all residents / maintain paper trail of votes cast
/ equal access to the voting process / time and place for residents, particularly
/ create a process that allows residents to petition .communities of color, disabled, lower income,
and/or vote to have their property included/excluded etc., to discuss concerns with elected officials
as art of a ci or town
~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~0~~
/ promote the use of organic and local agriculture / promote recycling programs
/ promote building practices that limit negative / promote solid waste and toxic waste manage-
impact on natural resources, are energy efficient and meat programs
balance needs of people with protecting the / promote air and water quality programs
environment / place new development in targeted areas
/ reserve & conserve o ens ace/ arks ace / rotect wildlife reserves
/ community police/neighborhood watch programs / eliminate gang activity
/ strengthen and enforce hate crime laws / promote drug/rehabilitationgrograms
/ eliminate the practice of locating potentially / include/increase violence prevention programs in
harmful industries, landfills, etc. in or in close the curriculum at school
proximity to minority communities / create safe havens (shelters) for individuals in
/ strengthen minimal housing standards like requiring abusive (sexuaUphysical) relationships
indoor lumbin and air condit~onin
~L'r®®~~~s' $~~ ~ $~~~f~~~~~~
/ equal access to education, healthcare, employment / comprehensive job training
opportunities, (regardless of gender, race, physical / free public transportation
disability, religion, sexual orientation, nationality, / childcare, healthcare, and utility subsidies
religion, etc.) / ensure adequate wages to afford shelter, food,
/ provide affordable healthcare and preventative healthcare
healthcare programs / affordable housing
/ laws protecting immigrant residents from labor / wage equality/fairness
e loitation / overnment economic safe net
~ ®TF~ER ~
f/ II/ I
....... ...... ...... ..... ...... ....
..................................................................................... .... ...... ...... .
ORANGE COUNTYSOCIAL JUSTICE GOAL REPORT Page20 of 59
a~
_~g,
V
~'
~'
~'
'~
~.
w
V
~'
i (,~
i
i
W
~ ~
~ H
~a
'a
.W
!~
!W
~ o
W N
~ ~ ~
~ p
~/ .C
vl
I
1
~~
~~
~~
H
I
~O
Z
i
i
~..
c~
~'.
~}CIr)~
"~I
VJ
z
0
U
. r,
.~
U
O
4r
O
..~.
.~
bA
.~
bA
^.
U
V O
~~
~~
.~
w
.._; ,~,
O U
O •y
~~ ~~
~ O
Lr ~
.~
~~
~~
~~
~~
an
~ U
~ ~
N ~
~+
O .~
U ~c~d+
.~ G
O ~
^'~ O
O U
u
Z~
W y
~ ~
~ ~
.~
~ O
W
~ ~
N ~
a
O
O
~°
O N
U N
N
U
~~i.ilI
/1
V
0
^cs'
c~
v
i~.i
C3
'V
~'
.~
O
~
~i
~I
0
0
Q.
~~y
a.
W W
~
~
1
d
~
Z.
0
s;
W
P
~'
W
E+
V
E~ v
'~ w
~
~ ~
~.
~ >•
~
~ ~
H
~
^y
0, ~+
W
~
.
b Cd
RS
0 ~ x
~
h F.
~
~
O
H ~ ~ ~
cc3
yU
F.r cd N
~ 'U
v
0
~ ~
~ ~
N
A ~
~ ~
~ ~
H
a
H
W
~ o
W N
V
1
I
i
i
I
I
1
I
i
i
i~ ~
e
...
U
.,.,
it
tC
CJ
~.
~,
~.
o..
d`!
~4T~i'a4CHIHEN°f I1~: PR®FE~S®1Z C~-LN1®IZE'
..
C®(~MEN1'
SOCIAL JUSTICE AS, A REFLECTION OF OUR COMMUNITY
CHARACTER: THE CI3[ALLENGES AND OPPORTLT~~TITIES OF
THE ORANGE COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
JOHN O. CALMORE; Reef C. Ivey ll Research Professor; UNC School of Law
In the fall of 2003, the local Durham newspaper reported that Democratic Party
presidential candidates John Edwards and Howard Dean each promised that if elected he would
hold a summit on social justice within 90 days of taking office. Holly Ramer, "Edwards, Dean
Vow Focus on Social Justice," The Herald Sun, Oct. 20, 2003, at C9. They said they would
invite groups for a summit on how grassroots organizing can play an expanded role in solving
society's problems. According to Edwards, "We have to make real, bold, dramatic moves that
we can really achieve." Social justice is usually directed by NGOs, from Oxfam America to the
Green Party, from academic and training institutions to local grassroots groups. It is not an
explicit goal of local governments. Orange County is thus poised to make the real, bold,
dramatic, and achievable moves mentioned by Edwards. Of course, here is the challenge and the
opportunity. Is it within the capacity and heart of the Board to advance a social justice agenda in
terms of real, bold, dramatic, and, most importantly, achievable goals? If the Board shies away
from this format, will it underachieve,, perhaps doing no more than paying lip service to social
justice? Few local governments take this on because it is very hard to do.
Against this backdrop, I have been asked to address three questions: (1) what is social
justice in a legal, social, and historic framework; (2) how is social justice manifested; and (3)
how could it be manifested? As questions 2 and 3, respectively, suggest, I am exploring both a
program/policy of social justice as well as the aspirations of social justice.
I. What is Social Justice?
Judith Shklar has suggested that only by understanding the face of injustice can one
understand justice. Asocial justice goal cannot be developed at the home office and then
imposed top-down on the people. We should keep this in mind as we proceed.
Because there are many views of social justice, it is important for the Board to define it
for itself; to tailor the concept in a way that fits with its character and mission. See
htip://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social iustice (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). According to
Wikipedia, "Social justice...is a concept largely based on various social contract theories. Most
variations on the concept hold that as governments are instituted among populations for the
benefit of members of those populations, those governments which fail to see to the welfare of
their citizens are failing to uphold their part in the social contract and are, therefore, unjust. The
concept usually includes, but is not limited to, upholding human rights; many variants also
contain some statements concerning more equitable distributions of wealth and resources" (I
would add power). The concept of a social contract presents a good framework for striking a
bargain with the community. Additionally, "'Social Justice' is a primarily Leftist and Liberal
concept." Id.
.ORANGE COUNTYSOCIAL JUSTICE GOAL REPORT ;, , Page 22 of 59,
_ _. _ .
30
Those concerned with social justice may believe that:
Historical inequities insofar as they affect injustices should be corrected until the
actual inequities no longer exist.
The redistribution of wealth, power and status for the individual, community and
societal good.
It is government's (or those who hold significant power) responsibility to ensure a
basic quality of life for all its citizens.
Id. While it is beyond my scope here to address the critique of social justice, the Board should
become aware of such criticism, the most prominent stemming from Friedrich Hayek. See
Michael Novak, "Defining Social Justice," First Things (Dec. 2000);
htt~•//www firstthin~s com/ftissues/ft0012/opinion/novak heml. This also discusses the historical evolution
of the concept (term).
The Social Justice Training Institute defines social justice as both a process and a goal:
"The goal of social justice education is full and equal participation of groups in society that is
mutually shaped to meet their needs: Social justice includes a vision of society that is equitable
and all members are physically and psychologically safe and secure." http://www.sjti.or~/. It is
important to recognize, as here, that the vision of social justice be developed synergistically as
both a process and goal. Goals are not self-regulating or self-implementing; attention to process
is important to address legitimacy and to measure efficiencies and effectiveness.
While social justice seeks a more just society in general, it focuses most directly on a
constituency of those who are marginalized, subordinated, excluded, and underrepresented. We
must ask: "What is the injustice they experience? What is the justice they seek?" Without
asking these questions, it will be hard to respond to their legitimate expectations. According to
Indigenous Australia, "Social justice means being entitled to the same rights and services as all
other citizens." Ask yourself, perhaps from a privileged position, what is social justice?
Indigenous Australia answers: "Social justice is what faces you in the morning. It is awakening
in a house with adequate water supply, cooking facilities and sanitation. It is the ability to
nourish your children and send them to school where their education not only equips them for
employment but also reinforces their knowledge and understanding of their cultural inheritance.
It is the prospect of genuine employment and good health: a life of choices and opportunity, free
from discrimination:" Mick Dodson, Annual Report of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Social Justice Commissioner, 1993. http://www. dreamtime.net.au/indigenous/social.cfin. As
members of the Orange County community wake up, what do they see? What basic necessities,
if any, are absent? What frustrates. their hope? What opportunity-denying circumstances
constrain them? What, in the name of social justice, can this local governmental body do to
provide redress and close inequality gaps?
I recently co-authored a law book of cases and materials on social justice. See Martha R.
Mahoney, John O. Calmore, and Stephanie M. Wildman, Social Justice: Professionals,
Communities and Law 49-51 (2003). After an extensive literature review, we concluded that
there is no single vision of social justice among the theorists who use this term. Some use the
phrase social justice interchangeably with justice. Some use the concept as a counterpoint to
injustice, to convey idealistic humanitarian goals. Some view social justice as requiring a higher
moral ground than self-interest. In Europe, for instance, many nations attempt to harmonize
economic efficiency and social justice. Others use the term to describe particular aspects of
freedom, such as freedom of speech or freedom from arbitrary searches, seizures, and detention.
.... ...... ....... .... ......
...................................... ......................................................... ....... ....... .......
....
ORAIVGE,COUNTYSOCIAL JUSTICE GOAL REPORT Page 23 of 59
_ _.. .
3C
In virtually all formulations, social justice is often understood to capture something other
than justice in general or claims about basic rights. Usually, social justice invokes substantive
rather than formal equality. Some theorists define social justice as involving "the goals of
equality of access, opportunity, and outcome." The focus on outcome distinguishes it from
"equality of opportunity" or "equality under law," normative goals that may frustrate substantive
equality. It is common to adopt an approach that "presupposes a conception of social justice that
provides a standard for assessing the distributive aspects of the basic structure of society."
Marcia Bok, Civil Rights and the Social Programs of the 1960s: The Social Justice Functions of
Social Policy 15 (1992). Thus, most social justice research deals with issues of allocation.
Social justice issues, however, often extend beyond issues of economic or distributive
justice and embrace as well issues of human dignity and solidarity. According to David Smith,
the term social justice may be "simultaneously distributional and relational." Here, perhaps, this
latter sense is where a local government can make a difference. As Smith elaborates:
The term social justice is taken to embrace both fairness and equity in the
distribution of a wide range of attributes, which need not be confined to material
things. Although the primary focus is on attributes which have an immediate
bearing on people's well-being or the quality of their lives, our conception of social
justice goes beyond patterns of distribution, general and spatial, to incorporate
attributes to how these came about. While fairness is sometimes applied to
procedures and justice to outcomes, we are concerned with both. Preference for the
term social justice. rather than justice in general is explained not by preoccupation
with the distribution of attributes which might be labeled as social, but by concern
with something which happens socially, among people in a society.
-David Smith, Geography and Social Justice 26 (1994).
The moral philosopher Iris Marion Young also extends social justice beyond issues of
distribution. For her, "social justice means the elimination of institutionalized domination and
oppression." Justice and the Politics ofDifferencel5-16 (1990). Traditional theories of justice
tend to restrict the meaning of social justice to "the morally proper distribution of benefits and
burdens among society's members." As Smith and Young admonish, the Board must recognize
that distributive issues are crucial to a satisfactory conception of justice, but it would be a
significant mistake to reduce social justice to distributional inequity. Following the lead of
Young, then, as a governmental entity, the Board's goal of social justice should focus as well, if
not primarily, on the social structure and institutional contexts that often help determine
distributive relationships, patterns, and outcomes. Intervene there.
II. What is the place of rights within a social justice vision?
The social justice tie to rights dates back to the nation's Declaration of Independence in
1776. The nation voiced the now familiar vision of democracy in which "life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness' are inalienable rights, "consent of the governed" legitimates the power of
government, and all citizens are "created equal." Today, across the land, the achievement of
these ideals remains relevant to social justice advocacy. As Thurgood Marshall pointed out on
the occasion of the bicentennial of the Constitution, the negotiation of these ideals have involved
a constant struggle, noting that the government devised in Philadelphia "was defective from the
start, requiring several amendments, a civil war, and momentous social transformation. to attain
the system of constitutional government, and its respect for individual freedoms and human
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
ORANGE COUNTYSOCL4L JUSTICE GOAL REPORT.,: Page 24 of 59
3a
rights, that we hold fundamental today." "Reflections on the Bicentennial of the United States
Constitution," 101 Harvard L. Rev. 1, 1-2 (1987).
Social movements driven by a quest for effective rights built social justice lawyering
organizations that really took off in the 1960s. As they evolved, they changed the way that
lawyers practiced and thought. As Oliver Houck observes, the lawyers had clients and the
clients were injured, but also [there] was a larger sense of justice that is as difficult to define
precisely as it would be to deny. Most importantly, they did not simply seek compensation for
their clients; increasingly they sought to change the law." Thus, the phrase "law reform"
described the efforts of such lawyers as those involved in the three large movements in poverty,
civil liberties, and civil rights practice.
Yet, because rights are indeterminate, legal advocacy has continually reshaped the
conception of rights to be more effective in advancing social justice. Beyond legal rules, social
justice claims have viewed rights as expressions about how people should be treated-as norms
and values rather than fiats. According to Martha Minow, under this conception:
"Rights" can give rise to "rights consciousness" so that individuals and groups
may imagine and act in light of rights that have not been formally recognized or
enforced. Rights, in this sense, are neither limited to nor co-extensive with
precisely those rules formally announced and enforced by public authorities.
Instead, rights represent articulations-public or private, formal or informal-of
claims that people use to persuade others (and themselves) about how they should
be treated and about what they should be granted.... [I] include within the ambit of
rights discourse all efforts to claim new rights, to resist and alter official state
action that fails to acknowledge such rights, and to construct communities apart
from the state to nurture new conceptions of rights. Rights here encompass even
those claims that lose, or have lost in the past,. if they continue to represent claims
that muster people's hopes and articulate their continuing efforts to persuade.
Consciousness, or cognizance, of rights, then, is not simply awareness of
those rights that have been granted in the past, but whispered or unheard have
become claims, and claims that once were unsuccessful, have persuaded others and
transformed social life. The connections between past and future claims of rights
are voiced through interpretations of inherited understandings of rights.
Interpretation engages lawyers and nonlawyers in composing new meanings inside
and outside of legal institutions. Charges against new rights express opposition to
this interpretive process.
"Interpreting Rights: An Essay for Robert Cover," 96 Yale L. J. 1860 (1987).
Under this conception of social justice rights/claims, which is consistent with
international human rights assertion, rights potentially enhance our collective consciousness,
change our cultural and institutional habits, mobilize people beyond the courtroom, organize
political groups at the grassroots, force those in power to account for their actions. Rights join
with culture, power, conscience, and human dignity as expressions of social justice. Herein lies
the transformative potential of rights claims.
III. How is social justice manifested? How could it be manifested?
These questions, in turn, must be addressed in the context of a local government's
capacities and overall functions and objectives. Where does social justice fit within the
institutional behavior of county commissioners who are accountable to principles of right action
and serving the people of the county in concrete ways?
ORANGE CDUNTYSOCIAL JUSTICE GOAL REPORT _ Page 25 of 59
33
As such, it is important to recognize the view of many who see the local government's
ability to control its community character as the fundamental responsibility of self-government.
As Gerald Frug points out, for these people, "local self-governance means the ability of citizens
to create for themselves the kind of city [or county] they want to live in." As we tl-unk of Orange
County, social justice should be part of that determination of community character. It must
transcend local boundaries that mark the county's cities and act in a way that advances an
inclusive regional notion of the public interest. What, then, is the county's vision of social
justice and how can that vision translate into polices and programs that are within the power of
local government to realize? This is the orienting question for discussion.
In response to an email request from Milan Pham, Jacqueline Byers, Director of
Research, National Association of Counties, indicated that no counties have explicitly adopted a
social justice goal (although as indicated infra Santa Cruz County in California appears to have
various programs). Byers referred Pham to three counties in California that have focused on
advancing social justice-Marin, Santa Barbara, and Santa Cruz Counties. Because, these
entities are local governments they are probably the best comparison sites to assess current
manifestations of social justice. See, respectively, http://www.globalstewards.or~/marin.htm (Marro
County's focus is primarily on environmental and social justice resources that are apparently
coordinated by the county); http://www.countyofsb.orgjcao/hrc/workplan.asp (discussing aspects of the
Santa Barbara Human Relations Commission Strategic Plan for 2002-2003); and
http://www.freedomZlsantacruz.net/AZ1SC/justice.html (discussing the Santa Cruz initiatives).
Santa Cruz is the most instructive case, because it appears to be a leader in social justice
goal oriented activity. It claims, "Santa Cruz County has more programs concerned with Social
Justice than many other areas in the US." As a local government, the county observes, "Social
justice, including environmental justice, are necessary components of any plan for a healthy,
sustainable future. Historically, low-income communities and communities of color suffer
disproportionately. Recent coalition building strategies and campaigns are beginning to make a
dent is this problem." Its primary focus is on developing a sustainable community and provides
12 principles of agreement. I refer you to them to reiterate that a social justice agenda must
entail both a goal and process. See the Santa Cruz web site above.
Beyond local governments, a more ambitious social justice vision and program is
illustrated by the Green Party platform of social justice and livable communities. See
ht1.p://caereens.or~/platform/socvjus.htm. It addresses 25 topics, including the social safety net that is
the initial focus of the County Commissioners. I think this is an excellent start at addressing
what social justice goals could be: The challenge is to step back from the macro to the micro
perspective that is more within the capacity of local government. Still, as aspirations go, the
Green Party goals are instructive.
IV. Conclusion
In closing, let me offer a humble opinion. I have been engaged in social justice work for
the last 35 years, as a legal services lawyer in Roxbury and Watts, as a program officer within
the rights and social justice program of the Ford Foundation, as social justice professor and
scholar, as a board member of the New World Foundation and Oxfam America. I believe.that at
the end of the day, the ultimate goal of social justice is to engender hope-"audacious hope" as
Barak Obama phrased it.
Three years ago, at a celebration of Martin Luther King's birthday, Cornet West came to
Chapel Hill and spoke of how King was able to stay the course, maintain his high aspirations.
.ORANGE COUIVTYSOCL9L JUSTICE GOAL .REPORT ; Page 26 of 59
3~-
Given the difficulty of what King was doing, West said King was not consistently an optimist
how could he be? Instead, however, King was characterized as always a "prisoner of hope." No
matter the predicament or the prospects, he was hopeful. He could no more escape hope that he
could escape the Birmingham jail where he penned his famous letter. In his 1963 speech in
Washington, one of his classic lines referred to "hewing a stone of hope from a mountain of
despair."
In Marion Wright Edelman's book, The Measure of Our Success: A Letter to My
Children and Yours, she quotes President Havel of Czechoslovakia who, while literally
imprisoned, described ever-present hope in these terms, terms I relate to the hope of those who
seek to advance a social justice agenda: .
Either we have hope within us or we don't: it is a dunension of the soul.... Hope
in this deep and powerful sense is ... an ability to work for something because it is
good, not just because it stands a chance to succeed . ~... It is also this hope, above
all, which gives us the strength to live and continually to try things, even in
conditions that seem as hopeless as ours do here and now.
I do not mean to suggest that the Board of Commissioners should engage in quixotic endeavor or
join Sisyphus in his rock pushing. But King personified this hope-a practical hope that must be
kept alive, must inspire us to do more than we are, and to never, never give up. Asocial justice
goal must say and do as much.
February 16, 2005
ORANGE COUNTYSOCL4L JUSTICE GOAL REPORT- Page 27 of 59 ,
3S
9~f1
!~
~'
~.
~'
~I
'~
~'
~'
;w
~'
~'
V
0
~'
~®
'~
z
W
U
Q
~
'v
~.
4-i
0 N M N o0 O o0 ~ M ~ M ~--~ ~ d" a1 ~ d' O ~, O ~ d' M ~ r,
~
O
0 ~
O
0
V7
0 V'1
0
0 ~
0
0 V1
0
0 tf')
O
0 ~
O
0 V~
0
0 t!7
0
0 to
0
0
\O
0
~
0
~U
0
~O
0
~
~
~
~
~
~D
\O
O
N N O
N N N N N N N N N O
N O
N O
N O
N N ~ Q O O p 0
N
d~
~+ d=
N 0o
C~1 O
O N
.-~ t~
~-+ o0
•-~ 01
'--~ 00
N ~j
O ~
.-~ O~
O 01
"' d'
N ~
N p N
o0 N
N N
~ N
N O
N
~ vi
~
,.O ~
~
i.,,
N s-~
~
.fl r..i
N
,-fl s-~
N
,~ s-~
N
am t-i
~
~ s-~
N
.~ t-i
N
p tr
N
,-fl `
~
~ O
~ N
~i
O
~
N
r+ N
.N
v~
c
-! cf ~' '~
Q" ~ ~ O O O O O O ~ N ~ ~ ~ "' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <C
(~ C!1 V1 Q ~ ~
j
F-i r
~
H ~ ~ ~
j
~ Q Q ti ti ti ti ~
F
p
....
~ s-.
.~
~
~
~ ~
U
~
'
~ ~
~
H ~-,
- ~ ,-~
~
~ s
U ~ ~ ~ ~
~
~
~
~
~ ~
U
'~
~
Aa
~
~
~
~ a~
U
~
~ o
U
~
~
>
~
~ W o
°
o
~
~ ~ ~ ~ '~
o
U o
~
.si ,~
~
~ ~
~
~' .~
~ ~
'b ~
'~ '~ ~
~ ~
~ ri~
~ o
U ~n
~
'~
o
~ U o ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .~ ~ ~
,~ x ~ ~ ~ o ~ o ~ o ~ ~ a 'a" ~ ~ °' ~ x ~
~ ~ aa o
, ~
" U ~
~
h ~
~ o
~ o
U x
~ ~
~ ~,
~ -~
.~
~~ .~
.~ ~
o .~
.~ a~
~ ~
~
j o
U o
U ~
~
..
..
b;, o
U
~ x
o
~ ~
'
~ o a o ~ Q ~ Q o Q ~ ,
,~ o a~ ~ .~ .~ .~ o
W ~ H O W ~ ci~ w° ~ w° U w° x ci O O ~ a a ~ O ~ ~ <C W
•-~ cV M d' try ~p t~ 00 O~ ~ ,~-~ .N-a ~ ,~-~ ,~-~ ~ r~-+ ~ ~ N N N N N'
0
w
0
0
U
O
~/1
W
U
1~
/-'
H
w
a
a
0
-°~
.,.,
-~
tri
0
O
N
d
i.~
-N
a
b
a;'
~':
a
-'
~'
;~
~'
N:
..~.
~.
~~
~~
~~
...~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
o ...
b ~
.~ ~
:~ ~
^~
4°,
~ ~
.~„ ~
o a
i
3 ~
~ ~
o ~
~, ~
U 9
.r
•~
o ~
"~
.~
.~ ~
3 ~
o
o
„~ R.
~, a
~ o
o b
' ~ c~
~ ~
~ ~
~ 'x.
3~
37
N
w
~T~
W
b
N
v
N
~ ~
~'
~ ~'
~ Fed:;
.-1
.~
~ :~
o
U
.~
O .~
~ ~ U
U ~ ~
•~ •~
N
~ a U
O ~ fp
bA •,~
O
'd . cUd~
~ ~ U
~~ .~
.~ N N
~~.,
v bA bA
~ G~ N
~ a-, t-~
N N
bA
U U
~ .~ .~
v ~ ~
W ~
T`. ~ 4-a 4-i
.~~~
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
~ >
38
~~
b
O V
o ~,
v
W ~
.~
w v~
0
F-~
~"
Z
N
0
C
N
U~
N
O
V
b',
c~
,a
c~
a'
~'
'~'
~'
N'
M:
~~
~~
:~
~~
.~
a~
.~
~~
~~
~ ~
bin
0
;b ~,
~ .a
~ ~
~ ~
.., ~
~ "~
'~' ~°
~ ~
.o a
~ ~
3 ~,
~ ~
o ~
O
'~
~~
.~
. r,
"" ~
o ~
'~
~ ~
.~
~ ~~
0
o
„~ a
~ ~
a °
o b
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ '~
~~
a
F~+~1
H
H
w
b
a~
o ca
N '~'
~ ~
o ~'
~,
a~
.a q'
b
y ~,
O ~
04
~
~'
~'
O
z
0
a
W
.
N
~' ~~NN NNNNtl}-,~-i
&4 ff} bR C~ bR3 b4 bF} ~ ~}
p .~
0 ~ ~ 0 cd
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
•~ •~ N ~ ~.~ ti
~~~°~o~;.~~°'~
• UL" Q„ "d ~ . ~ ~ U ~
~~- N ~ ..-~ .-Ui N
a
`~ ~'
~W W WUbw~UC7
v~
~~
~
r~
z
~ ® ~ o
•
® ~"
~
I ~ ~
p
~
p
"
r .
v
,
p ~
O ~ •°
~~
O' ~ ~
.
U
W ~ ~
,~
N
U
C7wc7
o ~ ~,
d o~
~
a ,~
~., ,--..~ .
-~ ~ ~ o ~cfs•~, ~
O ~, ~ a. ~,
H °; .~ • ~
O ~.~•y^~ bD O
.~ ~ ~ ~~
~
N a o ~ p
0
~ ~ ~
~ ~
~
C, O °3
~ a
i
U ~ p U N ~
~
U ~ p ,N~ p f"' ,--~ ~ a"
7
U ~U u
~Ww
.,
C
> >
W
V
F
~
W
W
®
~
~ ~--~ ,-~ M 69 d- .~-~
~ 69~ tf3 ~ bR F{3
O
+~ Q,
,~ N ~ ;~'
b~Ap ~~
°>¢,~
~ N ~ ~',
~ ~ 3 :~ ~
~ °~ °~ ~ a°i a~i
v~ a a~ d ~ C7
~ ~ > > >
~ ~ ~
f~ b9 Cf} bF} ff1 b~} 6~}
~, N
.b
U .~
i ~ °
~
z ® .
'""
P.
~
a U
`~
~ ~
cQ
~ ~ ~~
z o
~
~, ,
U U p ~" ,~, N
~
s" ~ .'~'~
U p
~
on
~ .~
~
~ ~
cd _ ~ ~
~
W U~v~~Q,W ri C7
~
~~
® bq
~„~ .~
~
CO ~ v ~
~ ~
O U
~~
.O N
U~
~~11
~/
F~
~O
Fr-+-~1
\.~/
V
!~
H
O
FF-~
W
,.,,~,
O c
O C.
N '~'
V
~ ~.
i.i
.G ~
~ ~'
~ ;~s'
o ~,
~ c'.
~.
v~
rs,
Q
O
F
~
~
W
C
®
d'
~
~'
~. N
"C ; ~ .M-~
..fl
'~ ^d
o an
..~ .~ ~
¢.' ~ >,
~~
° ,~ ~"
~•~S
~~~
~' b Y
~ ~ .~
\D O o0
~ ~~
O
~ ~
U ~
o
~.
w!
~'
® c~
a ® O
P .~
~ r
~ ~ ~
~
~
~
O o 0
o x
U •~ v
~ ..fl
~ ~ ~
O ~
~ ~
~W~
> >
~ ~
~ .
_
~~
O:
~
p; v
~,
~ ® .~
a ti o
a a} ~ b
3 ~
° o
U
~ ~
Q
W
U
~'
F.,
w
~
W
O
0
d'
~
~ M
M_ ~O ~
69 Cf3 rn
~
~ .~
~ ..=
a~
~~'~
~ ~ ~
3 ~ 3
.~ ? ~
o ~ .~
ww<C
> > >
Ur}
W
F
H
~ ~ M N
Z 6F} 64 C~ b9
~'
3
U
w ~ ~
C!1 ® .~ .~
r-a ® ~ y
~ ~ ~ .~
z ~ ~ ~
~`~'~`~
~ cn ~ ~ a~
~ ~~~
o ~
~
~
~
~ ~ ~ ~
~ •~ ~
~
'
]'" ~
W,~Ur~
~ »»
ai
~ ~~
a
~
,
0
Ei ~ ~
O ~
~~
~
~ ~ ~b
,~ o
ts.
~
~ U "~
ti
-d
,~
U
cci
N
.~
'~
O
O
bA
o
.~ ~ ~
O
~ ~
~~
~ ~
~
~~
d
D ~,.~ .~
N
~
~
~
o
~
~ ~ ~~ ~
~~~
o
~
,
~
~
~
~ a,
~ °
y
~
o ~ ~ U
'~ O
.~ ~ ~
.~ o -N
o ~~ t
~
~ ~
~~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~~~~
~ ~ '~ o ,~ an
~
~
~ ~
~ ~~ ~ ~
H ~ ~ H
r-+ N m d' Sri ~O
~~
!~'°1
m~
U
t~
`./
w
N
H
H
O
w
b
o '~
O ' C.
N .""
.~'
~ '~
i.,
m
a~ ',
~ ',~
,00
N
z
~
O
~
Z
O
Q
~'
~
O
^
~
~
~ r-,
~ ~
~
O
O
Q.
~
~ ~ ~
i
~ ~ .~
~ ~i • U
~rU~cs
> >
O M Q~ M
~ N M ~
6F3 69 69 69
z`
w
U
w
~
,
c%'
O
a E'9 0
w
~ ~
~
~ ~ ~
~.o.~.~
..~-~ ~ a3
Q ~''' ~ .s7 .G
U' ,~ cQ .~ ,a;
W '~ ~ ~ ~
~,~bb
w~~
w
> > >
Q
H
F
O
~ r
~
v
U
~
U
,.y
x
~
W
®
^
o
o
r
~ ~~
~ ~~
~
c~ O
!~" ~,
~ N
~ ~"'
~ ~
~"
N °~
~.~
° ~
~~
a s
> > °+3
~~~
~~
U
~~
~
~
~
cd
:~
O ~
.~ 3
~~~
a ~. a
> >
rr]
H
d' ~--~ M
~~~
z
~.
0
w
O
P ~
~ '~
~
~ U ~
N ~ ,~
> bA O
.~ ~ a
~ ~ ~
~'
a ~
~ ~ ~
~
~ ~ .
~"' U
U
W
a ~ >
.
U
.b
O
a ® ~~
O 3 ~
o ~ ~,
~., o .~'
O ~' ~~
~
a
o ~
0
o
x
w
H
z
w
U
w
U
W
x
P~.
O
z
0
H
M-i
F~
O
~~T~T ~
F~'~i
b
~ .~;
O ect
O
~ ~'
~r ~.
~;
~ ~;
~ ~
~'
~,
M=
~
0
W
pay
0.
O
Ftiw
z
O
W
®
~'
N
~
r
~ ~
~-+ .-~ M
~ ~ ~ . ~ 6 R
O rte,
F'i . ~
~
tZ. ,.p
~ ~
+-' .ti.~
N~~>,
~30,~
~'~ ~~ ~
~1 ww~Y ~}yy ~~~yy
~I • rl
~ ~.U.~~ ~
5 U -cy W ~
•-~~N~
~ M ~-+ N
64 Cf} ~} 6F1
~+
U
~'
~`
~ O
U
'1 O bA
®
'-~
W
~ o .~
~+ a3
~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
~ O ~ U O
' N
0, ~~
~'
~-'
~
Q'
W ..
.
.
~ ~ ~ ~
'~ ~ ~ ~
~ O O ~
~~U
w
> > > >
0
t"'" M
O ~
0
F ~
y
N
py,, N
U O
N
~+
~' ~' ~
H ~
N
~~ ^d "~
U ~
.~
w
w
U
F
~
~
H
y,
O'
W
®
o
~ ~,~ ~ ~
~ ~~
s'~"~- O
Q.
°~ ~
U ~
~3
b
O
(~
~,
as ~
m
W
~~,-,
0
W
~
C/1
~+ ® ~
(`
•
H ~ ~' ~
p
~' „ .
~
~ ~
~
N ~ .=
~y
'0~ bA ~ 1~
U ~ .~ ~
~''
x a W v
~ ~ > >
~~
N'
~''
U'
O
~-3
o
o a
N ~~
H '-' w'
H ~ '~:
~ ~ ~
,.,
o
Z ~'
rr
0
o
O
O
H
W
°
0
M
~'
~
v
~,
rf ' O
a
~ ~
~
~
0
z
0
w
0
H
~, •
a ~
U
U
F
ti
~ o
~, O
~` ~
a
W
O
w
O
~ o
a ~
z r
w ~
v
a
0
eo
H
U
o ~ °'
W
E~
W
H
~ ~;
~ ~
® tV ts.
r ~ 00 ' i,'
`.J N ~
~ ~
~ vi
y:
~ ~
~ ~
H ~ y
Z , ~'
'~ oo:;
i^-I
H
Q
~5
t-~~
U
H
Q
O
H
H
F-"~
r~-~
0
0
o °
o
~,
o as
O
' ~
~'
a
w
~:
'
~
.~
o ~ ~
o a ~
N c~
N ~"
cC V.
O
~
G p ' 1 O
,. t
y
v
' w
.a A
y ~
~ ~ .
A
M
:, e-f.
~t
O'
U
W
O
F
O
O
F,
U
~~
z
0
Q
Q
0
0
w
H
~a
a~
b
rti -~
o ~
o ,~±
d
~ ~'
~ ~;
.a ~
~ ~:
V7
~ ~t
,-.~
A
Q
~
~
a
Q`
~
Z
O
W'
O
®
1M
~}
~
H
ti
F+
Z
~'
z
W
O
•
~'
~
~
o
~; U
a
a tV
~ 1~
w ~ d'
~ E
~ z ~
o
`
a ~
'
W
x
a.
0
H
® ~" O
~
H ~ O
a ~ ~
,
~
s,
0
~
~ ~
~
x a
~ bu
~
~
~ ~ .
~
~°
~ ~ ~
o ~ ~
~ o
A~ ~ ~
Wa~ ~~
~ a
H ~ °
'~~ `~ .~
~ ~,
'd ~
o .~
~ ~ ~ ~
H
a~
~~
`~ U ~ ~ ~ '~
p ~ ~ U ~
a zH ~z
v» »
~-~
c7
H
w
H
O
O
b'
,~ .~.,
o' ~'
N ,L.'
C~
C r Q-I
D ~'
c
ti' ~~//'
W'
~--L
l.N!,
O'
c/l
w
a+
o
o
H
Q
W
~
~ U
,,,,
F,,
~,
z
~
o
W
~
~
O
v
w
~ ~
~
~ a
z
O ~
y
W ~.
0
,
iii
U
`
N
iii
i~•i
~ EE} H
~., O
v'
.~
b ~~
a~
at ~ vQi" ~
'~ ~ ~ ~ o
o ~ ~ 3
o ~
~ ~ ~ ~~
•° ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~°
U
3 ~;
~ ~ '~ ~ ~
o ~v ~ ..o ,~
~ ?, o ~
.~ s ~ ~
:b a. ~ .~ ~
o ai ~ o ~
~ m O W ~ ..U.~ Q, Q''
~ ~ ~ ~
o O 0
o ~ • ~ ~ o ,.°o o ~
~b ~ ~~ ~ o
,-~ ~ .r
~ ~ .~ ~ ~ ~ .~ W ~
0 v ~~ ~ 'aU~+ ~ N 't7 .O
U m O >C Q ~ U~ ^C O
O N N ..r U ~
y ~ vUi N ~ t~ O O .~ ~
U O ~ U
}.~ ~ ~ O cn ~ N ~
O ~ ~~yy }}..~~
¢, ~"' ~~' !fir aS L. U ~ "C '~ ~ U W ~, ~ cCS
Q N O ~ N ~ ~ y~ a3 ai i-~ .-.~
~ .~ N ~ ~, Q. y ~ Q,, .O ~'' ^' ^p U Q O bA ~ O N ~ ~
~,~.~-a~:o°"b~-off oA -~.~~~~~' ~~~
~ ~ ~ ~ 0 0 0 ~ .o a~ ~n o ~ a o.,'o .~ o -d ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~
~UwHwawaa~a~"U~a~,,~,,w~W ~~ ~ ~~
^r ~~ M N M M M~ M~~~ ~"~ N N M d' i.i M .. y
~ ~} tf} Cf} b9 Ef? ~} b9 Cf3 b4 ff} fA 64 6/3 bF? Ef} &9 Efl O 64 b ~ ~ Ofd,
~» » ~ » » » » » » > ~ +"C+ O
~'
W.
0
0
r 1 N
~./\.~ ~
rl
w ~
N ~
h
w
w
~;
~a
a
.~~
s
P~.
;~,
~;
a~
-~~
O
d!
O'
o
z
w
~
~
~,
U.
z
~
w
~' ~
O
V
W
O
H
h ~!
~
~,
a
U
W
U
E{
u~
-aa
E
z
z
z
w
N
~'
0
v
v~
a N
~
F
a
~e
M
[~ r
p t~
c~
O
.~
0
0
0
0
.~
.~
0
~~
~ ~
~ ~
a~
bn
o .~
U
c~
~ ~
~~
a~ ~
~°
,~
~ o
~~
a ~° ~
W cn ~,
~" •--~
b9 ~
~ -k 'd
~~
~~
~.../ ~p
O
O
N
d'
N
H
\./
~'
~'
'~
~;
~:
a>
'C'
•u,
~.
~.
~:.
Sn
,-.
0
A
w
U
..~
a
H
0
U
w
O
b
o
o .~
N '.~
~..,
~ s.
N ~
'~
CCt ' y
b ',
~ a
~~
w
O
U
0
O
O
N •Qr
C as .
e~ y
Lei -'~
~ ~
z
O'
v~
a~
o co
o ~
E;
w
a~
z
w
~ ~
~ ~
C
z
0
v
W
O
h
N
a' tf~
U
.~
~
.
.~
~ ~
o
~
~ ~,
~
o
~ ~
~,
~ ~
~
o ~
~
~ ~ ~ ~
•U ~
~ ~ ~ O
*'
0
° °~ ~ °
' ~
~ ~ V U ~
~ ~
•~ ~ ~
~ ~_
"~''
~ ~
'~
.~ ~
~
U
~ ,
o .~ ~
~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ °' ,~
o ;~ ~ ~ o °~' o ~
~ .~
~ ~ ~
.
t~ t
,S~" U ~ o ~
~
~-+
cn
~
S~
S~
~ ~
c~
~
O
v1 U
0 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ a~ ~ o ~ o ~
"
' .~ .r
~ ~ ~ ~ Q
~
p ~ ^C ~ ~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ O
~ ~ N
~
~
~
~ ~
•~ ~ +, .~
•
W
~ o
U o
U
~ ~?
a -, o
a-, ~
W o
a 0
a~ 0
a~ 0
a, ~
r~
~ r-, ,-, ,-, ,-. rn ~ ~ rt- mot- o~ c~
6 F} & ~} f~ ~ E f 3 f f? Cf } b R} b 4 f~ ~} 6 S b 4
U
w
U
W
a
5a
c7
H
a
x
w
H
w
U
w
c~
w
x
0
z
"Cy'
~;
~p t'~
O ' .~,~+
O e~
N
O p-+
.~
~„ ~!
~ ' ;~,
a.'.
'd
.~
Q
O
U
.~
N
~ ui
dl U
~ O
O ,-+' '~
O ~U .~
~ ~ ~
o ,~+
Q, ~
m
,~ o
`~ ~
~~
~ ~ ~
U
~ ~ ..~
,~ `~ ~
bA bA
"d T3 ~
bA bQ
~ ~
+~+ ~ D
N ~ ,5~~
"~
U V ~
N N ~~
z' O ~ -ice
~` 4" ~ 4-i cd
~ ~~
O ~ ~ o
~ ~ ~ ~
Hb ~ H
w
H
a
w
0
x
H
0
U
H
0
U
O
b
.~`.
~o
o
O ~V'
N '~,
N ~
N a
Rt ' ;'~
as
~':
U
F
d
N
z
a
z
w
~
~
H
F
0
''~
~ N
d}
E~
Z
o~
a
O
4-~
O
4-~
N
'~
~ ~ ~ ~
O
.~ ~ ~
~ ~ y ..~,
T3
~ °~ ~ c~
~i '~ ~"~
~ tt3
~, ~
s3
3 h'!
S `''q~
b
V~
~a
w
H
a
x
H
w
U
w
U
W
z/1
x
H
O
O '~
..
N ~'
., cis'
~ ~'
O v~'
"~ a~'i
~~
o,
s~-
ern
e [~
tt~`:
ao
C:
~'
H
0
O
N
N
~~11 ~
~J •aa
~~T~T~
F`'~'1
~.J
1--~
O
^~!.'
a
~!
~:
as
~`
,: N':~.
o
o
~,
p
O
~.,
~
a
c
~
~
.~
~ ~ :~
~ ~
~~~'~
~ ~ ~.~N.~oo
_~ o .~ rfi .~ ~
~. ~
.fl ' ~ ;,p U y U y
~ ~ N p cUd p ~
»» >
0
0
~
V
~' o
v -~
~
~a,
Q N
,~ t~3
~
w ® ~ ~
W ® ~ ~ U "C
~ ~
U au ~ ~ ~
~
yy
O o 0 0 ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
a~ a~ i .~ ~
W ~ ~
U
~ .
c
d +~
O ~ ~ N aU+
~WWW Pa ~3
.-~
6ti} ~
O ~ ~ ~
U
v
~
d ~ ~
~-
~
U O
® aA ~ ~,
.~U ~
H
~
>
~
~
a ~ ~
~O
,'~
F v -~ O
d ~
.~ c
N
W
w
~
U
h'
~
~
W
°
o
~
~ ~~
~ ~ ~
o o ~,
~ ~~
~ ~~
~ j ~ a~~i
~ i ~
~ O O
~ ~ O O
a~ ~ a~ w
> > ~
cn
~'
z
~'
O
U ~,
~ ~'°
a
V~ 0
!~.
a ® o
~
d
c~
~ ~
~' .~
~;
~
~
U
Q'
~ .~
+
O
~ O
~
,
w ~
O
bA
'~
~ 'v
'
a
O ...
~.
~ a~
~
~
U Ef3
'O ~
~, 0
o ~
~~ ~~
~ ~ ~
~ ~ O
U ~ U O
~~
N
b
W i;H.i~
> >
.~
0
0
a~
,~
N
.~
0
0
0
0
.~ i
.-"~'
~ .~
+~
.'~'-, O
~ ~
Q.,
.~'
U
.~
U
O
O
V ~.
O
O
U U
O
~~
~ ~
an
a
~ ~ UU",
~, p
~ ~
~ o
ss
a,:,
~r; .
0
5~
z
0
a
a
w
U
d
Q
c7
O
H
O
U
W
b
CJ
~.+
Ctt
a
® ~''
N ~.
~ ~
~ ~'
~ ~'.
b
~ ; ~:
~ yi
';a
oo
O,
(~
iSi.
i~,
O
~
0
Q
H
W'
o
~
~' ~~
b
~ ~
O u
Q" ~ ~ N
O ~ -~ a~ ..~
~ c~ ai ~1 ~"
O w ~ p .~ ..Om
~ Q ~ ~ ~ V
•~ Y '~ O I~ U ~
"fl N N N ~ ~ Q"
~ O ~ b ~ ~ ~
W ~~dN ~.W
•M-+ Q~ ~t N N
Cfl~ 64 ff} 64 64
O
~'
..
r
O
U O
~ ~ ~ ~
~ U
~ .~
w ~ ~ ~
U~ (~ o o ~
~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
N ~
~
.
.
O
z ~ ~
~ v ai ~ .c! ~
~:~
~~
o
~
~,
,
_
°
W ~
~awi~~oE'~'
W w U W d ° 1 W
_ O\t~t ~O~Dd'd'N
6959FflfRffSC~i6R69
0
U
a U
MM
~iO1 W
0,
~
'~
.
~
°
~ ~ o ~
V ~ ~
~ o
.
.~
H ~ a
i .
-d ~ •~
a
~ i
~
~
~
~ ~
V ~ t"' O
U
~
H
~ .
U
,-i
~ y sue. at
LJ •U '~ ~ ~
c~ O'~ ~
ob ~ c~
~ ~l
GA
a,
~ ~ ~
E
a
Q
",~
~~O
W
~
~ .~
O V ~ N
~ ~ ~
v ~A ~ N ~ Ty
°; 0 ~ ~
N N
P, A, W P, ~ Pi
m M M N N N
FA bR3 b9 69 69 EA
H
U 40-+
W
~ ~ ~~
~ ~ ~
~
r ~ o ~ ~
~ •~' a o
H ~ ~~ O~
z ~
~~.~~
.,
on~ ~ °~
,~ ,~ ~ on i
~~
~'+ ~~~~
,., .,., ai O v
-d
.a a
o o
b~
o o
w . ~,o
awww>
m
~ ~~~~~
6c} 69 f9 6/3 FA
b o
•y
~;
ti y y
t-~ .,Vy ~
CQ F~71 ~
P~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~"
Vii' d' ~ ~~' -d~~°
~
o p ~ '~
.~ p
'0
0
,
4
,
~ ~~ ~~~~~
U
~'3
~
n
~a:
~
~;
~
rn O
~ N
~
~ O
~
0 0
p
O
p ..~
C7HW °~ a~wwUa~w
a\~~ ~~ ~~
~s9rf, r~~s rflz~
0
Vl •.-~
"C7 O"
~~~'''
O "
a~i o ~
~ ~ ~
O ,~
D ~ ,.O
..~1 W bA
O ~ Q
~ ~ ,~~
'~ .~ n bOA
.,..~ ~ ~
U t,,,
N ..-~ .^ N
,~ Y o
.~ .~
~ ° .~ •~
O ~
-~-, . .~
~ ~ U
.~ ~ ~ ~
v ~ ~ v,
~ 3
..~ .~ ~
s~,
3 '~ a
cam. O b bA
O~~.fl
.., ..
~~ai i~
~.~ ~ ~
N O O
~~
~ ~
~~ aO a
~ () a!
~ ~ ~
.~~~'~~
~ ^~+ ~Q N
~ ~
o~ ~ ~ ~
~~ ~ ~ ~
3 a ~ .~
~•~ w~~ ~
H 'r~ ~ ~ tad i~-i
~~ , cd r., ~ ~ ~~+
..~.~..~.+ N N.a
~ ~
UHC-iHN[-~+
5~
t7
H
w
~¢
w
O
O
~;
.~;``
~p ~,
O '.~"
O ~'
N ~i
~ ~
~ a
~) ;~
O
0
~
Q
~
~
a'
W'
o ~~~
~~
o ~~~o
~ ~ ..~ ~,
by ~ 4? ~ a3 ~
..O ~ `~ C ~ m rn
.~ ~ ~ ~ ~
'~ O.~"~~ U V
~ ~ '~ ~ ~
b~~~ ~~~
o ~.~ ~~.~ ~ ~
o • ~ o ay
U ~~W oW W
N N ~ N ~-+ v .~ ~
6F3 b9 TJ 6F} b4 ~ b4 ~}
~ ' ~
Z ~
U
o
zn 0 0
o
P ~
N O U
'U . ~ ~ ,'~, a~
~
,~, O O ,~ '+~ O
~ ~ ~ "C ~
N
~ ~ O O U
VI ,~
O V U ~
~
'~dW
N~ONN~-+
f!} 6A (f} 6c} 6g
z
O
4 ~
o
~ ~ o 0
[~
~ r
~' .~+ y
ti
a+ O
U ~
~~
5
~ ~~
W t~
N
6
/}- 6R3
a
F+
W
Z
W
~
.
o
~.
,, ~ ~ .~
.~ -~ ~ .~ ~
~ °~~' ~ ~ bo~~.~
0 0
„d ~l.r• ~ V W y ^.
~~
~ ~ Q. "G U cd p, ~ j
o~°~'3 moo
U N ~' N .fl +O+ y~ ~ .s;
~.°U ~aC7a~U ~
d' ~ ~f' O N ~--~ ~ .-t ~-+ O ~ N
t~ cd~..orfrs~sg~~ v 0
> > > > > ,
~ O
s..
F N
~ U
~ :~ ~
~' ~ o
w ~ ~
b
~
~
~ '~
~
a r' ~ ~.
{f} ~ .~
Z ~ bq
~ "~
•O
3
O
~
~
N
O
z`~~~
,x .-i
~ ti 6g .
b
o
~ ~
.
.
d' ~ ~ a~i
V
~ "Cy
Q .4? O
O ^d O
¢
F;
O
, .
_
~~~
ago
U ¢
,
~
bg b
5~
0
V
rF~
V
'C
~'
.~
'~.., ,
~.:
~'
C~'
~'
'~
'v~'
~.;
~1.
~
pp",a
O
~
~
~Q'
Q
~,
w
®
o
r
{~. ~~
~~ b~ ~~
U
~ ~ ~i ~ '~ '.N
~ "~ O O p ~ sir
.~' . U ~~+ ~ ~ O O ~
~ ~ , ~ N taq ~ p y~
~ •~ s.,
~ U ~ -~ p ~., ~ •t,
w ~ ~ ~ .s7 ~ • ~? ~' ~
~'' r~ ~ ~, °~ o .,
'~ O ~ ~~ ~ +O+ ^-' bi3 ~
~ ~ . p ~ 'C ~ ~ .,~, ~ O
~ "Cj
~ ~.~ O ~ .~ ~ O ~ ~
~~,~,~ ~o~o~~
~o~,~<CW~«-~aUu.r~
> > > >
4
r.,
ai
~
W
N
~
.c3
~
>
N
O
',F N7..~
U N~ N
W ~ at
U ~" ..c~ ~
~ ~ o
~'
~
a N
~-+
~ ~ ? °
N
C/Z
~
~' N ~ ~ O ~
.~," ~ rn .~ N
N ~
~
O o"
o ~, ~
~
U
W ~ N ~c
yf.~
~ N is ft1
~
U y r~1 y
p cc3 ~ Q" ~
~
W
W
a
i
Pi .~
4-~
O
~
bF1
~ ~ ~ ~
~ •~ U ~ ~
~ ~ ~ U
"
J
C
CV ~
cp ~ O '~ ~
d O
U
U
~ O 4-~
U
~ ~ i~.~, a~i ~ o
'
U
~ d cCf ~
~
~ ~ O ,~ ~
~ ~
U ~ 3 a
~
.~
~ o
o ~ `~
U
.~ a~ a~
~;
o~ ° ~'~
~• ~ o 0
'~
Qi t-, U V
U
~
U1
H
Z
'
~,
~`
z
w
®
®
~i
~
~
~~
~ ~
~ ~Q.
~ ~
O"
~-, ~
~ N
U ~
°~' o
O N
~ ~
as ~ .
~ ~
~
Z ~ .
cd , O ~ 'v~
~ +=' . rte.'
N O ~
~
~"~ m
~
p
~~' O ~,
p
(~y f3,
~ b0 '~' t~ cd
~
® ~ ~ ~
~. y
~ ~
O ~ o a,
~
~ ~ 0 64
P O
~ ~ ~ -~ ~ ~
.
~, o ~
i?+ ~~ .~ O U ~ ~ O ...~
i-7 ~
~
N
p ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
,i
1 , ~
-!
-± c ~
^ O
U Cf ~
j
W . ~ay ~ ~ . ~ ~
~' C/]W
~ t~ ~ v WU ~
•
.
~
5~
O
H
t!1
~i1
0
U
H
z
a
O
a
w
Q
U
O
z
0
U
W
v
a
~'
i7'
b'
,~,
O
C/1
ar
~
E*
''~'
W
O ~
~ bA ~
~'~~~
°~' ~
s~, ~ ~
~
~ ~ . ~
W ~ ..o ~r
> ~; ~ _
~ ~ ~ r"O.+
m '., ~ ~ ~
~ "CS ~+ ~ p ,~ ~
~~~ b~ ~~
,~ ~ ~ ~ t~. 0
a~ Q. o ~»
~ ~ '° O ~
~
N ~: O L~ ~ . q ~ ~~+ N p
~ o ~ s~ ~C W ~ a U ~, ~
> » >
N
&4
0
W
~
N
•~ N
cd ~ O
40
~
-
U
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~, .~ .~ a
~' ~ o o ~
a> ~ oo ~ a> r~
a ~y .~ 'b i o ,~ . ~
W {~'} ~ O~ °~ ~
b9 O O `~ ~ N ' ~
U
,~ ~ a> O
U 3 ,~ ~ .O
O
CC3 ~ ~ S~, }}..r.~
~ CC! pQ ~
Z
O "d O~ O
O S~. ~ q O "d O, ,~.,
a" O t~. ~~"
~
~ ,
~
W
N
~
~
.~ U U ~ ~ ..L
~
N .d U iU^
~
~.
~w ~
a ~v
wa
, ,.
> > ~> >
o
~
o v ~ ~
~o :~~~~
z ~~ ~~~~
Q ~ zU ~ ~
U+ p 4
r +
-i
~ ~ ~
~
': ~i O ~.
"" U U
'~ ~ p
.
~ ~
~ ~ t~~" .~ mot.,' ~ ~, ' d
V O .~ 'd ~> '~ ~ U .~
•--~ Q cd
e
Ci" cCi
W W ~ ra
~
~r ~ U v
W
~
~
~7
H
z
~
~ .~
~ U .~
~ ~ ~
. ° x r~.
~ ~ b,o
~ NR,'~
o U ~
.~ ~, „fl
~ N C~ ~
~ ~' ~. °~
~ ~ o ~n
G> ,~, CJ N
O ~ ~ O
O ~~" N O
a, ~' a w ~
> >
.~
~.~.
~ O
,~ ~ . ~ 64
~
U ~ ~ '~
o
o ~
rs.
~'
d ~•
~
~ .
o aq
o
es
~ O
.
F
" N p • ~
.~
'
'
W ++ U
.~ cC3
~ .~ ~ ~ .~
~y S~. i.i ~ bq .
ai-7 ~ ~ ..~ a> a>
v ~ ~ ~
W•~ aW~
~' >
W
H
O
CO~
T,A~LE OF 14UTFiORITIES
Orange County Environmental Responsibility Goal
Can be found on the Internet at:
http://www.co.orange.nc.us/ercd/ERCDpressrelease.asp
Investing in Innovation Orange County Economic Development
Commission Five -Year Strategic Plan: 2005-2010
Can be found on the Internet at:
http://www.co.oran~e.nc.us/
Once at this website, click on: 1. Departments & Services; 2. Economic Development
Commission; 3. Strategic Plan; 4. Strategic Plan
Orange County Health Department Strategic Plan 2006-2011
Can be found on the Internet at:
http://www.co.orange.nc.us/health/Strate~-ic%20P1an%202006-2011.pdf
Orange County State ofi the County Health Report 2005
Can be found on the Internet at:
http://www.co.orange.nc.us/health/OCHCBooklet2006.~df
Orange County Ten Year Plan to End Chronic Homelessness
Can be found on the Internet at:
http://townhall.townofchapelliill.org/homelessness/plan/
Orange County Master Aging Plan 2007-2011 Update
This document is pending posting on the website.
ORANGE COUNTYSOCL9L JUSTICE GOAL REPORT Pa a 33 0 59
_ _ .. _., _ _ g l .
~(
BARRY ]ACO~S, Chair
MARGARET BROWN, Vice-Chair
MOSES CAREY, ]R. ALICE M. CORDON STEPHEN HALKIOTIS
MOSES CAREY, ]R., Chair
BARRY ]ACOBS, Vice-Chair
VALERIA FOUSHEE ALICE M. CORDON MICHAEL NELSON
ORANGE COUNT'PSOCIAL JUSTICE GOAL REPORT Page 54 of 59
~S
~`I UI~i`~I I~ ~.~~~I~'I OIL S
GOI~II~II~~IOI~ (~I`R,~
EMILY ADAMS
STEVEN CLEMENS
SABRINA COVINGTON-FARRAR
JOSEPHINE HARRIS
PHYLLIS NORTON
BEVERLY PAYNE BETTS
ADELAIDE SPITZBERGEN
CUTLER ANDREWS
BRYANT COLSON
ARTIE FRANKLIN
RANDEE HAVEN-O'DONNELL
CAROLYNIKENBERRY
DAMON SEILS
BARBARAR CHAPMAN
TERESA DERRICK
YVES GNAMIEN
WILLIAM HENDRICKSON
JOE NANNEY
MELVIN SMITH
2005 HRC S'ta'ff: JAMES SPIVEY, Civil Rights Specialist
MILAN PRAM, Director
2007 HRC Staff: JAMES SPNEY, Civil Rights Specialist
PAMELA REYNOLDS, Intake Specialist
SHOSHANNAH SMITH, Director
ORANGE CDUNTYSOClAL JUSTICE_GOAL REPORT ., ,_„ _.,_ ;. _ _. ,.Page 55_of 59 ;
_.. ..._.
C~3
~~~
~C
;,~
y.. ....._.._.. : _:. __
~ ..... ... :I ........_. ... ..
~ '~
_. i
,,
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ORANGE COUNTYSOCIAL JUSTICE_GOAL REPORT Page. 56 of 59