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HomeMy WebLinkAboutAgenda - 01-28-2010 - 1ORANGE COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS ACTION AGENDA ITEM ABSTRACT Meeting Date: January 28, 2010 Action Agenda Item No. .~ SUBJECT: Strate is Plan for Mana ing Pet Overpopulation DEPARTMENT: Animal Services PUBLIC HEARING: (Y/N) No ATTACHMENT(S): Managing Pet Overpopulation; A Strategic Plan for Orange County, North Carolina January 19, 2010, Memo Update on the Community Spay/Neuter Fund INFORMATION CONTACT: Bob Marotto, Director, 968-2287 PURPOSE: To provide the Board of County Commissioners (BOCC) the opportunity to review and discuss the strategic plan for managing pet overpopulation in Orange County, prepared by Animal Services Staff in coordination with the Animal Services Advisory Board (ASAB). BACKGROUND: Animal Services staff has worked closely with the ASAB to develop Managing Pet Overpopulation; AStrategic Plan for Orange County, North Carolina in order to establish a fiscally responsible and humane approach to pet overpopulation in Orange County. This strategic plan has developed from the Community Spay Neuter Fund, created by the BOCC in FY0708 and made up of a portion of the monies from the $20 licensing differential for reproductive (or non-sterilized) animal registrations. The success and progress of this fund are noteworthy. As the attached progress report illustrates, more than 200 cats and dogs were spayed and neutered in calendar year 2009. The majority of these animals were owned by low-income residents of the County, who otherwise may not have had the means to spay or neuter their cats or dogs. Animal Services has partnered with the Department of Social Services and AnimalKind's $20 Fix to target such individuals, offering both The $20 Fix's traditional co-pay for income-qualified households and "no-pay" vouchers to DSS clients. With the creation of the Community Spay Neuter Fund, staff and the ASAB have worked to create a strategic plan that aims to reduce the number of unwanted litters in the County over the next five years (and beyond). With this strategic orientation to the root problem of pet overpopulation, the number of animals being admitted, sheltered and ultimately euthanized will decrease over time. 2 This strategic plan has been under development for several years. It is based upon a comprehensive examination of programs of this kind throughout the country, professional literature on the subject, and our own experience in Orange County. It was formally adopted by the ASAB at its October 2009 meeting. The plan is designed to be self sustaining and to make good fiscal sense for the County in the long run. Pet overpopulation is a significant problem that cannot be solved through placement efforts alone. Only by combating the root issue-namely, the unwanted reproduction of pets- and combining this approach with strong placement efforts, can the population of unwanted and homeless pets be effectively manage from both a humane and fiscal standpoint. Staff and citizens advisors believe that this strategic orientation and plan offers an attainable and fiscally sound approach that will begin to do just that for Orange County. FINANCIAL IMPACT: The plan for managing pet overpopulation in Orange County requires no additional funds from the BOCC for implementation or management. All it requires is a continued commitment from the BOCC to the Community Spay Neuter Fund (which derives its resources from the dedication of $20 from each registration fee for reproductive dogs and cats). As indicated in the strategic plan, staff believes that the amount of funding from this source can and should be increased by achieving higher levels of compliance with the County's pet registration system. Funding may also be increased by targeted private donations. Basic to this plan is that spaying and neuter of animals that otherwise could and would reproduce will save the County large sums of money in the medium and long run by reducing the number of animals that. the County needs to admit, shelter and in some instances, euthanize. It is generally accepted that the number of animals admitted and sheltered grows as a result of human population growth of the kind the County has experienced and can be expected to continue to experience. Thus continuing growth in Orange County's human population will produce an increase in animals needing to be sheltered in the absence of a strategic plan for managing pet populations. RECOMMENDATION(S): The Manager recommends that the BOCC review and discuss Managing Pet Overpopulation: AStrategic Plan for Orange County, North Carolina and provide direction as to the further refinement on approval of the plan. A-~}AC h ~1~~~ ~ 3 Managing Pet Overpopulation: A Strategic Plan for Orange County, North Carolina January 28t"~ 2010 Prepared by Animal Services Staff and the Animal Services Advisory Board Members of the Pet Overpopulation Committee of the Animal Services Advisory Board and Animal Services cooperafed to prepare this report. Special thanks are due to fhe following individuals for their contributions to the work that resulted in this strategic plan: Amanda Arrington, Spay Neuter Initiatives Manager, The Humane Society of the United States; Beth Livingston, Executive Director, Anima/Kind; Peter Marsh, Esq,, Director, Solutions to Overpopulation of Pets; and Pat Sanford, retired Executive Director, Animal Protection Society of Orange County. 4 Managing Pet Overpopulation: A Strategic Plan for Orange County, North Carolina Executive Summary This is a five-year strategic plan developed by Animal Services staff and the Animal Services Advisory Board (ASAB), on the basis of professional knowledge and best practices, to address pet overpopulation and euthanasia in Orange County. The plan builds upon strong animal services and a progressive tradition of animal welfare and seeks to reduce the number of animals that end up needing to be sheltered at considerable costs to the County and its residents. As population continues to grow in the County, planning of this kind becomes even more critical, as it is expected that there will be an increasing number of surplus pets- that is, cats, dogs and other animals needing to be sheltered. In the absence of a vigorous effort to be proactive toward this dynamic of population growth, there will be growing costs associated with caring for and sheltering animal companions. Indeed, it is a widely held belief among animal welfare professionals that the actual costs of reactive approaches to pet overpopulation problems exceed the costs of more positive and proactive intervention. All of this is worth bearing in mind given the recent completion of the County's new state-of-the-art Animal Services Center. While expansion is certainly a possibility, it is an expensive one from the standpoint of capital outlay as well as operating costs. It is believed that by implementing this plan Animal Services can better manage the assessed risk for pet overpopulation in Orange County and the increases this risk poses for sheltering costs. Only in this way will it be possible to assure that the Animal Services Center provides sufficient sheltering capacity in the absence of an increased euthanasia rate. This plan has been developed to be cost neutral and self-sustaining. More specifically, it is based on an existing fee differential for licensing sterilized and unsterilized cats and dogs, and the creation of cost-effective public/private partnerships. There is no recommendation in this five-year plan to increase the licensing differential fee, but in the long run, adequate funding for the plan does involve achieving greater compliance with the County's licensing requirements. Staff and the ASAB have developed this strategic plan to help the County manage its commitment to animal welfare in a manner that is both good fiscal policy and good public policy. By taking a proactive approach and promoting "targeted spay/neuter" in the coming years, there is every reason to believe that the number of animals needing to be sheltered will be lessened, and that costs will thereby be managed to a much larger degree than would be possible in the absence of such a plan. 2 5 Table of Contents I. Introduction 4 IL Overview 5 III. Targeted Spay and Neuter 7 IV. The Plan g V. Working with the Community 12 VI. Funding the. Plan 14 VII. Implementing and Managing the Plan 17 VIII. Planning Objectives and Performance Measures 17 IX. Conclusion 18 Appendix I 19 Appendix II 1 g Appendix III 20 Appendix IV 20 Appendix V 21 3 6 I. Introduction The issue of pet overpopulation is a problem that many communities face, Orange County being no exception. Pet overpopulation can simply be defined as having more homeless animals than adoptable homes in any given community, leading to the use of euthanasia as a means of population control for animals that are healthy, stable and otherwise adoptable. It is an issue that merits addressing on various levels, from the efficient use of government funds to social and humane interests of a community. Animal Services staff and the Animal Services Advisory Board (ASAB) recognize that the problem of pet overpopulation is a community problem and must be addressed on a fundamental level by targeting and preventing the root cause, namely the birth of unwanted litters of puppies and kittens. Thus, we have developed the following strategic plan to address the issue of pet overpopulation in our community. Several factors make Orange County uniquely situated to launch an assertive program to address pet overpopulation and further reduce the euthanasia rate of unwanted and/or homeless pets. These factors include: • The new Animal Services Center (ASC) on Eubanks Road opened in June of 2009. This state-of-the-art facility has been designed to be auser-friendly public space, with a retail-like front end. It is expected that both the number of animals arriving at the ASC and the number of animals leaving the ASC through adoptions and partner placement agreements will increase. • Orange County's Community Spay/Neuter Fund was created with monies generated from the increased licensing differential fee approved by the Board of County Commissioners in FY0708. Funding is thus available to support low-cost spay/neuter in Orange County and public outreach about the individual and community benefits of sterilization. • Orange County has a tradition of progressive animal welfare, as well as strong community expectations about the care of companion animals and the value and importance of taking reasonable measures to abate the use of euthanasia as a means of population control. These expectations are responsible for the design and construction of the new Animal Services Center and apparent in the transition of sheltering services that ended in the creation of Animal Services as a County Department. Thus Orange County Animal Services (OCAS) is proposing this plan because it is good fiscal policy in the medium and long-term and because it continues the County's commitment to humane animal welfare. Current budget constraints necessitate aggressive long-term cost management. 4 7 II. Overview This strategic plan builds upon existing programs and processes and it is expected to make a measurable and sustained impact on Orange County's pet overpopulation problems and their costs. It extends the work currently being done with the County's recently established Community Spay and Neuter Fund on the basis of a survey of practices in other communities and emerging professional perspectives on the problem of pet overpopulation.' The plan emphasizes controlling costs and could also mitigate staffing needs in the long run. The program is self-sustaining in that the primary funding comes from the licensing differential for unsterilized pets in Orange County. This is not only an effective part of budget management now, but in the long run as well. The primary goals of this program will be to: • Lower annual animal intake measured as a per capita rate at Orange County's Animal Services Center. • Control the costs of managing the County's pet population by lowering annual animal intake measured on a per capita basis. • Generate funding for strong, proactive community spay/neuter via an effective licensing program based upon differential licensing fees. • Increase the annual rate of targeted sterilization of dogs and cats to 5 per thousand county residents (or approximately 600 per year based on the County's current population) over a period of 5 years. • Lower the euthanasia rate at the County's Animal Services Center to 35 percent or less in five years.2 A number of the elements of this proactive and progressive perspective are found in Chapter IV (Programs for Spaying and Neutering) of.Handy, Geoff. 2002. Animal Control Management: A Guide for Local Governments. Washington, D.C.: International City/County Management Association. The significant development of this perspective on pet overpopulation along programmatic, policy, technical, and other dimensions is apparent in the presentations and papers delivered at two recent national conferences of note: the Fix It Forum: National Spay and Neuter Networking and Training Conference, held in Chicago in October, 2007, and sponsored by PetSmart Charities; and the Southern Regional Spay/Neuter Leadership Conference, held in Memphis in September, 2007, organized by Spay USA (a program of North Shore Animal League America) with a variety of national organizations as sponsors. In addition, there is now considerable information available from a variety of national professional organizations. In different forms, for instance, practical materials as well as general information are provided by The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty and The Humane Society for the United States. Our strategic plan as benefited as well from careful consideration of other community or area plans. These included the Richmond (Virginia) SPCA: Spay/Neuter Campaign (August 2007); Companion Animal Initiative of Tennessee Strategic Plan 2006-2011 (nd); and City of San Antonio, Animal Care Services Advisory Board, Animal Care Strategic Plan (Preliminary Report) (June 2006). z This number is based on the number of animals that are euthanized because they are not considered adoptable. Animals that were euthanized for behavioral or medical reasons, feral cats, and owner 5 8 • Raise community awareness about spaying and neutering as a critical element of responsible pet ownership These goals have been developed given our ongoing evaluation of intake and disposition numbers. Achievement of these goals is expected to have several positive corollaries. Among these are providing financial assistance to more low-income residents; improving relations between owners and (sterilized) pets; and reducing the number of roaming animals that may be a nuisance and public health threat. In 2009, a total of 4089 animals were "dispositioned" by the County's Animal Services Department.3 As the following table shows, 47 percent of the animals were euthanized, and another 50% were returned to their owners (or custodians) or transferred to approved rescue organizations for their final placements in a new home. Reclaimed Ac3 opted Transfers Euthanized Died Other Table 1 Total Disposition of Animals for 2009 Doffs Cats Others Total 4~0 46 -~ 470 bOS £96 "44 i3~8 1.53 72 7? 390 732 1040 16 1788 22 62 5 89 1 3 0 4 of Total Dispositions T l .49% 32.97"/" 9.4"/~ 43.73% 2.18% 0.10% Totals 1966 1982 141 4089 100.00% Finally, we would underscore that support for this program is justified by fiscal good judgment as well as humane considerations. Our own and other communities bear the costs of pet overpopulation and these costs will only grow with the expected growth of human population in a place like Orange County. Controlling these costs requires a smart investment of public funds to reduce the number of so-called surplus animals that end up needing to be sheltered. Doing so means paying less now rather than more later. requests were approximately 40 percent of the animals dispositioned in 2009 and 35 percent of the animals dispositioned in 2008. s Dispositioned animals consist of animals who have left the custody and care of Orange County Animal Services. They are different frorrl admitted and sheltered animals. In 2009, Animal Services admitted 4036 animals and sheltered 4262 animals. 6 9 III. Targeted Spay and Neuter Fundamental to this plan is the concept of targeted spay and neuter.4 Targeted spay and neuter refers to the sterilization of pets, such as cats and dogs, that would not be sterilized in the absence of a program aimed at those animals. A good illustration are low-cost spay and neuter programs, e:g., The $20 Fix program offered by Orange County and AnimalKind. Without this program, it is very reasonable to believe that the overwhelming majority of animals spayed and neutered through this program would not be sterilized due to the prohibitive costs of the procedure for lower income households in our community. Animal welfare experts concerned with pet overpopulation suggest that targeted spay and neuter can and does reduce the number of surplus or unwanted pets in a community or area. The important corollary of this point is that animal shelters in a community will begin to see a decrease in the number of companion animals they take in and care for. As with other animal demographics, this is measured as a per capita rate per thousand residents to control for increases (or decreases) in the number of people and households in a particular place. The same experts have indicated that the number of animals that need to be sheltered will begin to significantly decline with a targeted spay and neuter rate of between 4 and 6 pet sterilizations per thousand residents. In the case of Orange County, this would mean that these sterilizations would need to number 570 (the midpoint between 480 and 720). This target number of spays and neuter may well need to change as a result of growth in human population in Orange County, but it provides a measurable objective toward which to work on the basis of the strategic plan set out in subsequent sections of this document. Based on the current cost per surgery, it is estimated that 600 sterilizations will cost $45,000 annually. The concept of targeted spay and neuter can be put into perspective by reviewing the impact of pet reproduction on animal intake at Orange County's Animal Services Center. This data is organized into two tables presented as Appendix I (Litter Animals Relative to Total Intakes 2007, 2008 and 2009) and Appendix II (Animal Litter Intakes 2007, 2008 & 2009). In 2009, 372 litters of kittens and puppies were admitted and they accounted for 1334 individual animals. In turn, these animals accounted for 33 percent (1334 of 4036) of the total number of companion animals admitted (or received) by Animal Services. This is a characteristic annual pattern. For the calendar years 2007, 2008 and 2009, for instance, an average of 391 litters of kittens and puppies accounted for an average of 4 Peter Marsh is among the most respected proponents of this concept. A good example of his overall approach and specific conceptualization of targeted spay and neuter is available in Marsh, P. 2009. Using Evidence-Based Programs to Eradicate Shelter Overpopulation AProgram-By-Program Handbook. Concord, New Hampshire: Town and Country Reprographics. 7 10 1428 animals, which in turn amounted to an average 33 percent (1428 of 4271) of total intake. In Orange County, definite and distinctive seasonal variations in animal intake are associated with this kind of uncontrolled reproduction. As Appendix III and IV show, the number of animals admitted to the County's shelter are highest from May through October, the months in which litters are born and become juvenile animals in need of a home. Operating resources are most taxed in the summer months by a steady influx of animals that on any given day may number as many as 17.5 These very sizable numbers are also the reason why it is believed that proactive programs organized around the goal of targeted spay and neuter are good fiscal policy for local governments. Controlling the costs of animal care and control depends upon the effective management of the companion animal population, and specifically, in the reduction of the number of surplus or unwanted animal companions. These costs can only be expected to increase given the growth of Orange County and the Triangle in the absence of an aggressive and proactive approach to pet overpopulation. It deserves to be said, finally, that this takes seriously the view that communities are themselves responsible for preventing pet overpopulation. Closely aligned to this view is the belief that adoptions and other forms of animal placement can not themselves resolve the problem of pet overpopulation that ultimately manifests itself in the euthanasia of adoptable animals at our own shelter and others. Instead, minimizing and ultimately eliminating the use of euthanasia as a means of population control requires that we reduce the rate of pet reproduction via various programs of targeted spaying and neutering before such unwanted litters exist. IV. The Plan The strategic plan is based upon several components that are described in greater detail in this- section. First is the continuation of and increase in current placements through adoptions, partnerships with placement partners and recoveries by owners or custodians. In addition, the plan aims to perform targeted spay and neuter, designed to assist pet owners who would not have their pets altered in the absence of program assistance. The third component of the plan consists of legislative changes that will need to be in place in order for some spay/neuter partnerships and initiatives to form. The staging of specific components of this strategic plan is captured by the following timetable. As we discuss further in a later section, the effective management of pet s The timing of efforts to intervene via targeted spaying and neutering becomes important in the light of this pronounced pattern. It may well be that concentrated as well as aggressive outreach and early intervention should be organized prior to the prime period of reproduction to the greatest extent possible. An illustrative program is "Beat the Heat," which promotes the sterilization of cats prior to the initial estrus of female cats in the late winter and early spring. 8 11 overpopulation in Orange County depends upon carefully conceptualized and reasonable staging of components over time. Table 2 Strategic Staging Timetable 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Reclaim le islation Legislation .Review Feral cat legislation Feral cat Partner with Spay/Neuter Litter Patrol nonprofit Feral cat review non rofits $20 Fix Placement Placements Partner Continue working with Placement Partners A reement Licensing Program Program Increased Compliance Review Changes A. Increasing Animal Placements- Orange County Animal Services currently places animals through direct adoptions to members of the general public; transfers to placement partners (or rescues) for final placement; and animal recovery by owners or custodians. This plan aims to increase these placement numbers over the next 5 years in a manner that ensures to the greatest extent possible that animals are spayed or neutered before they enter our community. a. Adoption and Pre-Adoption Sterilization Maintain and enhance a high rate of adoption and continue to sterilize animals prior to adoption to ensure they don't contribute to pet overpopulation. The County's new state-of-the-art Animal Services Center should enhance the adoption process (especially when economic recovery begins) and performing in- house spays and neuters of adoptable animals is expected to be stable and cost- effective. b. Placement Partnerships Continue placing pets with approved rescue organizations on the basis of a more formal program that facilitates and governs these transfers. In addition to finalizing the guidelines and agreement that are under development, it is critical to organize effective outreach directed at placement partners that helps build strong partnerships. This may eventually include the release of adoptable, screened animals to organizations in geographic areas where there is an unmet demand for certain adoptable animals. c. Recovery Increase the number of dogs and cats reclaimed from the ASC. In 2009 the reclamation rate for the shelter for total intake was 20 percent overall with a 9 12 significant difference in reclaim rates for dogs and cats.s Through ongoing public outreach by electronic, as well as more traditional~means, there will be an effort to increase the number and percentage of lost animals that are recovered by an owner or custodian. These components of the strategic plan should positively affect the number of animals that are placed after they are sheltered at the County's Animal Services Center. By contrast, the following components are focused on reducing the number of animals that must be sheltered and the number of surplus animals in our community. B. Reducing Animal Intakes- An effective, targeted spay/neuter program is crucial in reducing the number of surplus pets in a community over time. As previously indicated, these are animals that would not be spayed or neutered without specific interventions aimed at that objective. This plan will include the following programs to reduce the number of surplus animals in the county and thereby the number of animals that Animal Services must be shelter each year. a. The $20 Fix and I-Care The $20 Fix and I-Care are programs that target low-income households and offer qualifying applicants assistance in spaying and neutering their pets for a reduced fee- or even no fee. Programs such as this have reduced the numbers of animals coming into shelters in jurisdictions across the country. The I-Care program is a program of the state of North Carolina that offers some reimbursement to local governments for the costs of spays and neuters of pets from qualifying households. Orange County's $20 Fix agreement also involves the Department of Social Services (DSS), which offers a no-cost spay or neuter for pets of qualifying clients in certain Orange County DSS programs. More than 200 cats and dogs were spayed or neutered in calendar year 2009 through the County's $20 Fix program. b. Litter Patrol Litter patrol is a program intended to address owners who repeatedly breed and/or surrender litters to the County. By providing these individuals with a voucher for aloes-cost or discounted spay and/or neuter, this program can helped curb the numbers of incoming litters and animals in Orange County as well as elsewhere. As previously noted, each year OCAS receives hundreds of puppies and kittens, which contributes to the costs of animal care and control in our County.' Critical to the successful operation of such a program will be the development of appropriate income guidelines for households that do not qualify for the $20 Fix or I-Care. The program's management would involve select s The recovery rate for dogs and cats is very dissimilar, reflecting their still very different status in our culture and communities. In 2009, only 4 percent of cats were recovered by contrast with 36 percent of dogs. Our calculation of these rates of recovery excludes owner surrendered animals. Orange County Animal Services spent an estimated $241,401 to shelter litters of puppies and kittens in 2007. This figure does not include any administrative costs or animal control costs associated with transporting litters. 10 13 Animal Services staff who would be responsible for offering vouchers to such owners in accordance with the approved guidelines. c. Feral Cats In 2009, 30 percent of all cats (n=273) euthanized were feral- that is, cats without the kind of socialization that makes them associate and bond with humans. The number of feral cats in our community and their euthanasia has increasingly become a concern in the field of animal welfare and in regard to targeted spay and neuter. Yet feral cats present especially challenging issues for public policy and an informed and rational approach will require considerable effort and attention. Nevertheless, it is agreed that the following are reasonable components of this strategic plan: i. Consider public/private partnerships with nonprofit feral cat rescue groups that have programs such as Trap Neuter Release (TNR) in place.8 This may include establishing pilot programs or providing some kind of general support and consideration. ii. Make appropriate ordinance amendments for the keeping of feral cats and/or the management of colonies of feral cats and as would be needed for the creation of public/private partnerships. C. Legislation- Legislative changes will be required in order to begin or implement certain activities known to promote the targeted spaying and neutering of animal companions. As staff and citizen advisors keenly recognize, long-term planning, preparation, and implementation are needed~to amend the County's animal ordinances. a. Reclaimed Animals impounded multiple times Currently there is no requirement for ensuring that intact animals that are reclaimed from. OCAS by an owner or custodian will be sterilized. Yet it is generally recognized that roaming intact animals contribute to pet overpopulation (as well as nuisance) problems, and communities increasingly find that the recovery of intact animals is an opportunity to address pet overpopulation and its costs. Thus it is appropriate to consider various options in regard to the recovery of an intact animal that was previously impounded. One recommended possibility would be to waive reclaim fees for a second recovery of the animal is spayed or neutered, but make sterilization mandatory for an animal impounded a third time. Alternately, the reclaim fee could be waived for the first recovery if the animal is spayed or neutered with sterilization becoming mandatory if the animal is impounded a second time. b. Feral Cats The keeping of feral cats and feral cat colonies, on the basis of their sterilization, is expected to require amendments to the County's Animal Ordinance. Examples include whether feral cats need to be licensed and whether keepers of feral cats are required to comply with the County's kennel permit requirements. With respect to rabies, there needs to be an agreed upon solution for identifying $ Feral cats can be sterilized free of charge at the School of Veterinary Medicine at North Carolina State University in Raleigh. However, they need to be trapped and transported, and there are important issues about how they are kept if they are returned to colonies in a community. 11 14 vaccinated feral cats and ensuring they receive subsequent rabies vaccinations throughout their life. Many of the facets of this plan, as described above, will require quality outreach and public relations approaches. In addition, any legislative changes or considerations will require outreach on a wide scale to ensure that the community is informed and invited to be a part of the process well in advance. This outreach may include disseminating information in a variety of ways, including the Internet, inserts in tax bills; attachments to licensing postcards sent out by OCAS, posters to be distributed in key locations, radio announcements, door hangers for distribution in targeted neighborhoods, and media releases. It is for this reason that marketing and outreach are significant aspects of this strategic plan for addressing the problem of .pet overpopulation in Orange County. Public relations initiatives and endeavors are considered integral to the plan and they are budgeted as a separate line item in the annual budget for the County's Community Spay/Neuter Fund. V. Working with the Community Addressing the problem of pet overpopulation requires the active support of the community and the effective collaboration of Animal Services with community groups and members. Partnerships and volunteering are two of the most critical ways of working with the community to reduce the number of animals admitted to the ASC and to work toward a reduction in the number of animals that are euthanized. Partnerships Partnerships with other organizations are very important in furthering the objectives of this strategic plan. Our current agreement with AnimalKind for the operation of a $20 Fix Program in Orange County is an excellent example of how such partnerships can enable Animal Services to do more than is possible for it to do on its own. Several significant examples of such partnerships deserve to be mentioned in this context. These are: • Expanded placement partnerships, managed and expanded to sustain current levels and oriented toward the movement of adoptable animals to other regions of the U.S. Whereas this is conceived as an extension of existing placement partnerships, it will require one or more partners to provide transportation and one or more partners to receive and adopt animals. • Feral cat programs that will need to be organized and sponsored by partners. In these situations, Animal Services would work on the basis of existing legal parameters and certain shared guidelines. 12 15 • Counseling and resources for pet owners who are considering whether to surrender their pet to Orange County's Animal Services Center. Whether there is a need to modify an undesirable behavior or obtain discounted food in lean economic times, given its resources and other responsibilities, Animal Services may support and facilitate such activities but it is not capable of providing them. • Education programs oriented toward spaying and neutering as an integral element of safe and responsible pet ownership in our own and other communities. However, these programs will only be available if another organization takes the initiative to provide them, ideally in partnership with the County's Animal Services Department. Beginning in 2009, the Animal Services Advisory Board set itself the objective of meeting with current and potential partners. This is an important ongoing endeavor not only in regard to the specific kinds of partnerships mentioned above but any partnerships that relates to a program element of this strategic plan. Veterinarians In order for the strategic spay/neuter plan to have the greatest overall impact, it must include forming partnerships and bridging communication with local veterinarians. This does not mean that veterinarians will necessarily perform surgeries to further the plan's objectives. Rather it may mean that they will understand the plan and hopefully work with their existing and new clients to promote awareness and stress the importance of spay/neuter at an early age. A few examples of how veterinarians can help increase such awareness and thus increase the effectiveness of a spay/neuter plan include: • Promoting earlier spay/neuter for clients. Many veterinarians recommend pets be spayed and neutered at or after 6 months of age, and recommending a younger age of 4 months can make a difference in preventing unwanted early litters from juvenile mothers. • Recommending pediatric spay/neuter when appropriate.9 • Being knowledgeable of low-cost spay/neuter options and recommending them when appropriate. Volunteer Program Our volunteer program is an excellent way for members of community to involve themselves in the County's Animal Services endeavor. With respect to efforts to promote spay and neuter within Orange County, volunteers have already played a s The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) has a positive policy on the pediatric spay/neuter of dogs and cats (http://www.avma.org/issues/policy/animal_welfare/spay_neuter.asp). Specifically, it "supports the concept of pediatric spay/neuter in dogs and cats in an effort to reduce the number of unwanted animals of these species. Just as for other veterinary medical and surgical procedures, veterinarians should use their best medical judgment in deciding at what age spay/neuter should be performed on individual animals." 13 16 significant role, and one that is changing as part of the development of this strategic plan. New formalized opportunities are being created for volunteers with an interest in working in the area of community spay and neuter. Their work may involve counseling interested members of the community to matching residents with low-cost sterilization services to assisting with transportation on the day of surgery and the like. As with other parts of the volunteer program, these require appropriate training, some of which is general in nature, and some of which is specific to spay and neuter related responsibilities. These opportunities are in addition to more established forms of outreach which have promoted spay and neuter as component parts of responsible pet ownership. An outstanding example has been the outreach work that staff and volunteers routinely do at the County's low-cost rabies vaccination clinics. Further outreach with aspay/neuter focus is a distinct possibility as this strategic plan is implemented. As with other resources, volunteer time and commitment is fixed, and their activities must be managed in a commensurate manner. This point deserves special emphasis given that we are already seeking to redefine volunteer opportunities to provide more adoption counseling (and the like) given the opening of the County's new Animal Services Center. As with program planning, it is critical that the activities pursued under this strategic plan not exceed available human and material resources. By establishing formalized and effective partnerships, it may be possible to pursue otherwise prohibitive activities that are critical to reducing animal intake and euthanasia. Precedents for such partnerships exist in the form of our current agreement with AnimalKind and the emergent standard agreement with various placement partners. VI. Funding the Plan A. Background Funds to support programs initiated and managed through this strategic plan will primarily come from Orange County's Community Spay/Neuter Fund. This fund receives $20 for each registration of a dog or cat that is intact and capable of reproducing (and thus contributing to the problem of pet overpopulation). The fund was created as part of the FY0708 budget process which increased the licensing fee (or tax rate) for intact dogs and cats from $10 to $30. Each fiscal year since the County's Community Spay/Neuter Fund was created, more than $25,000 has been gathered as a result of the $20 increase in the licensing fee for animals with reproductive. capacity. As can be seen from Appendix V, these are the funds that have been used to address pet overpopulation in our community by 14 17 organizing special events in conjunction with an annual Spay (and Neuter) Day, as well as the creation of a partnership with AnimalKind to offer The $20 Fix program in Orange County. An important component of staff work in the first few years of this plan will be to develop a more refined budget for the strategic plan as it unfolds over the next five years (and beyond). Preliminary discussion with Budget staff has identified long term budgeting as an important part of not only this plan but the County's Community Spay/Neuter Program. Accordingly, staff will be involved in developing a longer term as well as annual budget as the program commences and evolves. B. Pet Registration Compliance There is good reason to believe that annual income to the Community Spay/Neuter Funds can be grown by increasing the rate of cat and dog registration. What is needed is an effective program for more effective follow-up on licensing notices and renewals based upon available human and technological resources.10 In any of the last several years, between 21,000 and 22,000 pet dogs and cats have been registered with the County. This number is only about half of the pets that should be registered given the number of registration notices issued by Animal Services. In 2009, for instance, Animal Service issued 42,594 registration notices based upon available information about dogs and cats in the County.~~ Also, it should be stressed that the number of registration notices is itself less than the number of cats and dogs estimated to be in Orange County. Using an established formula developed by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), and human population data, we can estimate that the total number of dogs and cats for Orange County in 201,0-72,630 (34,128 dogs and 38,502 cats).12 The difference between the estimate and the number of registration notices issued suggests that there 10 Staff is already considering a more systematic follow-up to non-renewals of expiring cat and dog registrations or the failure to register given a recent rabies vaccinations for a new animal. Our orientation is toward an economical as well as efficient follow-up process, one done by mail rather than in person. Nevertheless, the specific process and procedures for increasing the rate of compliance still need to be formalized and implemented. " The number of registration forms sent out by Animal Services is as high as it is because North Carolina state law requires veterinarians to provide rabies vaccination information to the local animal control authority. 12 Using these formulas, the AVMA now makes a U.S. Pet Ownership Calculator available on line (http://www.avma.org/reference/rnarketstatslownershio calculator.asp). The 2010 human population figure for Orange County used in our calculation is 134,770, which is taken from the Linear Population Projections based on 1980-2000 Census, prepared by and available from Orange County's Planning Department. The estimate may overstate the number of cats and dogs in the County because the underlying formula does not adjust for college students and the figure we have used for human population includes college students if they are living at school. 15 18 continue to be a significant segment of dogs and cats that are not registered with the County or vaccinated against rabies. An increase in licensing compliance can be expected to generate significant fund amounts of income for the County's Community Spay/Neuter Fund as well as the County's General Fund. Each unregistered pet owner will generate $5 or $10 to the General Fund, regardless of spay/neuter status.. Licenses for those animals that are intact will also generate an additional $20 to the Community Spay/Neuter Fund. If we assume that the proportion of intact to sterilized pets is the same among unregistered animals (and this would appear to be a quite conservative assumption), there would still be upwards of an additional $25,000 to $30,000 to collect from the licensing differential for intact animals. This means that annual income to the Community Spay/Neuter Fund could be increased between 50 and 100 percent on the basis of more deliberate and effective forms of follow-up on licensing notices. The additional funds could cover the projected costs of achieving targeted sterilization to the range of 6 per 1000 residents on the basis of organized programs. In other words, under the current financial arrangement with the $20 Fix ($75), the targeted number of 600 sterilizations could be covered by fees associated with increased compliance with the licensing requirement. Increasing funds available for the Community Spay/Neuter Fund is only one reason to increase licensing compliance. Another is fairness. It is only equitable that all pet owners in Orange County license their cats and dogs. For some to do so while others do not is unfair, and ultimately it is for this reason that effective follow-up on pet licensing is a legitimate endeavor. Differential pet licensing is good public policy. tt assigns a greater share of the financial burden for animal care and control programs to owners whose pets most contribute to pet overpopulation and other problems commonly associated with intact animals. It also provides these very same pet owners with a financial incentive "to do the right thing" by spaying or neutering their cat or dog. Thus, differential pet licensing- is a cornerstone of progressive animal care and control programs, and in some jurisdictions the fee differential for reproductive pets is much greater. C. Targeted Donations Donations to the County's Spay/Neuter Fund could prove to be an important source of support for this plan now and in the future. Historically, residents have given significantly to Animal Services, and they have done so in the absence of even passive giving targets. Accordingly, there is good reason to believe that they would be willing to donate to a progressive program for "targeted spaying and neutering." In this regard, it should be mentioned that the County's pet registration program affords an excellent opportunity for concerned pet owners to contribute financially to the County's effort to prevent pet overpopulation. A so-called Chickadee check-off in 16 19 amounts ranging from 5 to 100 dollars (or more) could be easily incorporated into a revamped pet registration form. Thus resident dogs and cat owners would easily be able to make a voluntary contribution to the County's Community Spay/Neuter Fund as a charitable gift. We believe it would be a mistake to understate the potential of such a charitable giving opportunity, especially given the strong community sentiments and expectations that exist about animal companions in Orange County. Many residents want to be part of the solution to the problem of pet overpopulation. They already take seriously the message that spay/neuter is integral to reducing the needless euthanasia of dogs, cats and other pets. VII. Implementing and Managing the Plan The effective implementation of this plan will depend upon good program management in the areas covered. Program management will include oversight, but also evaluation and monitoring of each program area. This plan will incorporate best practices as they exist in strategic plans for other areas and organizations. As with any practice, these are fluid and dynamic, and may adapt and change over time. These practices are apparent in the management of the FY0910 budget for the Community Spay/Neuter Fund. Programs must be staged in order to be effective. Thus, staff has outlined afive-year timeline (Table 1) in which these programs are set up in a logical and realistic manner given additional tasks performed on a regular basis, as well as other initiatives already underway within the department , e.g., transition to in-house sterilization of adoptable pets and tethering amendment implementation. There needs to be a realistic appreciation of what is possible to do given present commitments and time constraints. Staff responsibilities to core services, such as field work, animal care and animal placement/recovery, cannot be compromised by new duties and responsibilities for which there are no additional resources. It is for this reason that it is imperative that this plan be implemented on the basis of careful planning and strategic staging. However, support for this program is justified by good fiscal judgment as well as humane considerations. VIII. Planning Objectives and Performance Measures Effective program management requires performance measurement. Thus we must establish and monitor specific measures of performance and use these to manage individual programs and their interrelationships. 17 20 More generally, there are a number of critical performance measures for the evaluation of the plan and its programs. These include: • Targeted Spays/Neuters • Intake Numbers • Placement Numbers • Euthanasia rate • Licensing Compliance It is important to note that these measures can only be accurately evaluated by taking into account different variables that will affect them over time. One of these variables is population. Pet demographics are a function of human demographics and changes in human population will directly affect the pet population in our community. Another variable to consider in evaluating these measures is the way in which they relate to one another. Measures of adoptions, transfers, etc. only have meaning in relationship to the total population of animals sheltered and the number of animals euthanized and otherwise dispositioned. A final but crucial element to remember in this evaluation process is the long-term effects the program may have on the different types and numbers of animals coming into the ASC. For example, as spay/neuter programs begin to decrease the number of litters entering our facility, adoption and transfer numbers may decrease, as kittens and puppies are considered to be highly adoptable. IX. Conclusion: There is a need for a progressive and proactive approach to the problem of pet overpopulation in Orange County. Staff and citizen advisers are working to address these issues through this strategic plan. There is a strong sense, by staff, advisers and experts, that such a plan is good fiscal policy. Euthanasia is a problem that cannot be solved by placement efforts alone. It must be addressed at its roots by working to reduce the amount of accidental and unnecessary reproduction of pets in our community. This plan not only creates a strategy for addressing the problem of pet overpopulation through differential licensing, it also creates opportunity for assistance to citizens who are affected by the differential, but are unable to spay and neuter their pets without financial aid. This plan is good fiscal and public policy in that it addresses the issue, and does so in aself-sustaining way that takes into account the best interest of the animal, the owner and the community as a whole. 18 21 Appendix I: Litter Animals Relative to Total Intakes Calendar Years 2007, 2008 & 2009 2009 2008 2007 3 yr average (2007, 2008, 2009 Total number of animals in litters 1334 1749 1201 1428 Total intakes 4036 4474 4304 4271 Litters as a percentage of intakes 33% 39% 28% 33% Appendix 11 Cat and Dog Litter Intakes: Calendar Years 2007, 2008 & 2009 2009 2008 2007 3 yr average (2007, 2008, 20091 Total Cat Litters 255 261 229 248 Total Cats In Litters 897 1043 755 898 Total Dog Litters 117 188 122 142 Total Dogs In Litters 437 706 446 530 Total Litters 372 449 351 391 Total of Animals from litters 1334 1749 1201 1428 Litters were counted to include puppies and kittens that were admitted to the shelter as part of a group of animals that are of the same species, age and parentage. Litters counted exclude single animals of any age admitted to the shelter and animals older than orae year that were not admitted with siblings. Feral cats with litters are included in this count. 19 22 Appendix III: Monthly Number of Animals Admitted to the Shelter Appendix IV: Monthly Number of.Animals Admitted to the Shelter Average for years 2005 through 2009 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 20 23 APPENDIX V: Community Spay/Neuter Fund Revenue: Licensing I-Care Sale of Fixed Asset (Vehicle) Donations Transfer from General Fund Total Expenditures: Animal Kind Contract Department Supplies I-Care ($20 Fix) Advertising Spay/Neuter Day Transfer to County Capital Fund Total Prepared by Budget August 18, 2009, Budget Amendment thru FY FY 2008- 2009-10 09 Budget Total Budget 27,000 27,000 2,000 2,000 4,000 4,000 0 0 48,798 48,798 48,798 33,000 81,798 15,000 15,000 30,000 2,298 1, 500 3, 798 5, 500 4, 500 10, 000 5, 000 4, 000 9, 000 5,000 4,000 9,000 16,000 4,000 20,000 48,798 33,000 81,798 21 ~ach~ `~ `~ 24 i`` ' ~'` s a Orange County Anima Services 1601. Eubanks Road, Chapel Hili., NC 27516 91.9-942-PETS (7387) MEMO To: Frank Clifton, County Manager From: Bab Marotto, 6ireetor of Animal Services Date, January 19, 201.0 Re: Community Spay Neuter Fund Update The Board of County Commissioners (BOCC) created The Community Spay Neuter Fund in 1=Y0708 on the basis of a $20 increase in the pet registration fee (or pet tax) for intact (or reproductive} dogs and cats in Orange County:.. As earl be seem from the attached memorandum requesting its creation, the purpose of the fund is to promote- spay and neuter of animal companions and thereby reduce the number of animals euthanized as a result of pet overpopulation. Since the creation of this fund; ..Animal. Services staff has. worked with the Animal Services Advisory Board (ASABj to begin to establish a proactive and cost- effective program for spay and neuter in Orange County. During. calendar year 2009 there were several significant developments in this. area: • More than 200 dogs and cats were spayed and neutered through Orange County's $20 Fix, a program based upon a partnership with AnimalKind The attached chart shows the program achievements. for this "breakthrough" year; • Effective collaboration with the Department of Social Services (DSS) to promote spay and neuter services for their clientele continued during these extraordinarily challenging. economic. times.. Ninety-two t92) of the residents who had their dogs. and cats sterilized thro-ugh the $20 Fix. Program were DSS clients;: • The BOCC authorized the transfer of $20,(}00 from: the Community Spay Neuter Fund. in order to outfit the in-house sterilization suite at the County's riewAnimal Services Center. In-house spay/ neuter started in mid-December2009, and as ofmid-January 2010, :all adaptable surgeries: 25 Community Spay Neuter Funaf January 19, 2010 Page 2 will be done in-house (and mare cost-effectively, as part of-the. department's FY0910 budget}; The County's Financial. Services Department. created a Special Revenue Fund (attached} for Community Spay Neuter Program in order to establish the basis for the effective long-term budgeting needed to manage pet overpopulation inthe decade. Acfivities for the whole of FY0910 are not limited to complefing and presenting a strategic plan for managing pet overpopulation to the BOCC. Other activities include: • Requesting' that the BOCC again resolve (as 'it has for the last two years} that Feb. 23, 2010 is Spay (& Neuter) Day in Orange County; • Organizing the sterilization of cats belonging to some DSS clients around the Theme. of "Beat the Heat" in conjunction with Spay (& Neuter) Day; • Promoting spay and neuter and making qualified residents aware. of Orange County's $20 Fix; • Developing an agreement with Pet. Overpopulation Patrol, North Carolina, a mobile spay/neuter suite, to provide low-cost spay and neuter to Orange County residents and for special events, e.g., Spay (8~ Neuter} Day. Going fonivard, staff expects to report out annually on the Community Spay Neuter Fund for each fiscal year. Nevertheless; it seemed appropriate- and beneficial to do so at this time as the BOCC prepares to receive and review Managing Pet OverpopUlatian: AStrategic Plan for Orange County, .North Carolina. Cc: Gwendolyn Harvey, Assistant. County Manager Jean Austen, JD, Chair, Animal Services Advisory Board Attachments: 3 ,,,~. ~., ;~ a Orange County Animal Services 501 W. Franklin. St, Suite 106, Chapel Hill, NC 2751.4 (919) 968-2287 To: Donna Coffey, Budget Director, Orange County From; Bob Marotta, Director, Orange County Animal Services Date: April 10; 2007 Subject: Creating a Community Spay/1Veuler Fund from Licensing Fee Increase In light of our very productive discussion of fee increases with. the Animal Services. Advisory .Board {ASAB), staff is proposing that a portion of the increased.. license fee for intact animals be dedicated to promoting spaying and neutering in Orange County. Mare specifically, our proposal is that same or all of the $~Q increase. for the license fee for intact animals-which the A;SAB recommended be increased from $10 to $30-be placed in a dedicated and accruing :fund that is separate from the Animal Service Department operating budget. It is estimated that between $40,000 and $50,000 will accrue from the proposed license fee increase for intact animals.. This estimate, is based upon the fact that in the. last calm. dar year 2039 licenses were issued for intact animals in Orange County {inclusive of its towns) and for calendar year 2005 that number was 2447. Our estimate assumes that the.level of compliance with the County's. licensing requirement remains unchanged in future years (although it should.. be said that strategies are being developed to increase that level of compliance). With regard to financial support for this proposal; one option is to dedicate all funds from an increased license fee for intact animals to a fund available solely for .the spaying and neutering of cats;, dogs and other animal companions in Orange County. This: option is supported by the ASAB,:which at its March. meeting unanimously voted in favor of the dedicated -use of all such funds. Qf course, another option is to dedicate a specific portion or percentage of funds, say, fifty (50) or seventy-five (75 j percent of the sum total of funds due to the increase in the license fee for intact animals. While there is a definite need to dedicate all such funds in a progressive community spay/neuter effort, the latter option allows for the creation of a substantal'fund in the event that it is determined that some increased income related to the License fee for intact.animals must be used to offset operating costs. With regard to fund utilization, one option is to financially support the spaying .and neutering of cats, dogs and other animal companions in Orange County, and to do so with regard to the demonstrated financial need. of pet owners. This option. is supported by the ASLIB, which at its' March meeting. unanimously voted in favor of such. fund usage, stressing the desirability of focusing-their use on community members of limited means.. Thus funds would be. used to support- low-cost spay and neuter programs, whether these were pursued solely by the Animal Services Department or in partnership with other organizations.: Another option is to define the scope of use of these funds more broadly and flexibly under a fund heading such as Pet Overpopulation Management Fund. In this scenario, funds could and would be used to ..support love=-cost spay and neuter programs, but the use of funds would not be limited. to the costs of 26 surgical procedures for spaying and neutering companion animals. Instead, funds could. be used. for the 27 5pay/Neuter.Fu~d Proposes! Apri[ IOth, 2(1D7 Page; 2 promotion o€ spaying and neutering in the form of outreach materials and~or a marketing campaign as well. as some temporary staff suppo. rt for such outreach and education. As 1 believe you are aware, our Animal Sheltering Division budget currently includes a substantial expenditure line item for spaying and neutering. As imporkant as these funds are to our operation and. mission,. however, they are not presently utilized for a positive and proactive. program (or programs} that can. address pet overpopulation as a community problem. Thus resources from the proposed fund would. augmentour presentspaylneuter activities which are integral to but at the same time limited to our adoption program.. More specifically, the funds in our current budget axe committed to ensuring that the animals that we directly adopt from the County's Animal Shelter are spayed and neutered prior to their adoption so that they do not contribute to the problem ofpet overpopulation in our community, a very fundamental commitment to progressive sheltering and animal services. Currently, they are used to cover the cost of off-site surgeries that are performed by veterinary clinics with whom we contract for these services. It should also be noted that it will be necessary to redefine the use ofthese funds when we move into the County's new Animal Services facility at the end of 2008. Specifically, :pre-adoption sterilization wilt actually be done within that facility, as it will contain a suite for the spaying and neutering of animals that are adopted. to members. of the general. public (and conceivab y on some cost recovery basis fore animals transferred to various placement partners),. To operate effectively within the new facility; indeed; we will need to directly staff as well as provide effective oversight for our own surgical operations, and our need will be to cover these costs rather than the costs presently incurred for off-site sterilization surgeries. In conclusion, the creation. of the proposed fund would. be a very proactive step toward addressing the problem of pet overpopulation in Orange County, Irt the longer run, this: is desirable not only from a husuane perspective but in helping. to reduce the number of animals that need to be sheltered and the costs of sheltering unwanted animals in our communities.. Pertinent in this: respect is'that a successful comprehensive strategy of this :kind may help to ensure that. the County's new animal.. services facility has a sufficient animal. capacity for. a longer period of time. In this as well. as other regards, the creation of the proposed fund may be Regarded as a very wise investment of available funds. Ccc Gwen Harvey, Assistant County Manager Kristine Bergstrand, DVM, Chau, Animal Services Advisory Board 28 Community Spay/Neuter Orange County,. NprEh-Garoiirta SOO T}1- 48t~ I --- _-_ dRfi :-_... _- - ___ 44~. 420 _--. - _- I - -_~_-. 1"- --- .. - -,_ -_-.-- _ - _. -_- I. _- - _._ -. - _- - ~C { __-.. -_ --_ I _ -~ . -- --~ -.- - 340 ~ ___ .~ -~ . - ~ f- i--_- _- - -__ 3~ -I - - ~ - - -~` 28C - ---- - -- - _ -- -- - - ---- - - --- - J ~-- --- ~ -- - -- - - 2fi0 - -~ - ---~I-- -7 240 2 --- ~ ------ --- ~ ~ --'- ~ _ - - ~ _~ __.--- 2 0 200. -, -- - - - - ---- + - -~ - I - --- ---- '---- - - ~1 1 180 - - - -- - ~ ~ ---I -- - -_ - _ --- - - 16fl -. - ~ .- - ---- ~ -- t40 -- - - - __ - T --- - -- __ i20 - -- -- -_ _ - -- ---- 1D0 ~ - - - -- I 40 ~ -~ -_ _ ~ _~~ _ _ - ~ ~ 2009 2008 2007 I 2006 2005. ^[?ogs 132 33 10 16 3 ^Cats 8B 17 3 12 10 ®Total 220 SO ~3 28 ~3 ^Dogs ^ Cats iTotal CalendarYear 29 Accourst# 38215401-400040 38215005-433808 38215Q01-470001 38215001-476003 38215Q09-489906 Community SpaylNeuter Fund thru FY Revenue: 2008-09 Licensing !-Care Sale of Fixed Asset {Veh'icle) Donations Transfer from General Fund. Total FY 2009-10 Budget 27, 400 2,000 4,440 0 48, 798 48,798 33,000 Total Budget 27,000 2,440 4,440 0 48,798 81,798 Expenditures: 38215020-630000 Contract Services Animal Kind} 15,000 15,000 30,000 38215020-.620000 DepartmentSupp(ies 2,298 1,50D 3,79$ 38215020-62901.0 I-Care ($20 Fix) 5,500 4,500 10,000 38215420-600000 Advertising 5,000 4,000 9,Q00 38215020-629011 Spay/Neuter Day 5,000 4,000 9,p00 38215020-910005 Transfer to County Capital Fund 16,000 4,000 20;000 Total 48,798 33,000 81,798