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HomeMy WebLinkAboutAgenda - 12-15-2009 - 3cORANGE COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS ACTION AGENDA ITEM ABSTRACT Meeting Date: December 15, 2009 Action Agenda Item No. SUBJECT: Recommendations from the Human Relations Commission Concerning the "Secure Communities" Program in Orange Count DEPARTMENT: Human Rights & Relations PUBLIC HEARING: (YIN) No ATTACHMENT(S): HRC Report Regarding the Secure Communities Program Immigration Policy Center's November 2009 Report on Secure Communities INFORMATION CONTACT: Shoshannah Sayers, Director, 960 -3877 Joe Nanney, HRC Chair, 960 -8014 PURPOSE: To provide a report from the Human Relations Commission (HRC), based on a request from the BOCC, on the Department of Homeland Security's "Secure Communities" program and provide concrete suggestions to make program implementation as transparent and socially just as possible. BACKGROUND: In response to the BOCC's request for information regarding the long -term ramifications of this program, the Human Relations Commission did extensive research, including data collection, in- person interviews, and correspondence with the Sheriff. The HRC submits the attached report detailing the following recommendations: 1. Create. Transparency in collection and dissemination of data relating to Secure Communities; 2. Institute grievance procedures similar to those contained in 287(g) agreements in order to give people affected by Secure Communities the same standard, codified due process rights as those affected by 287(g); 3. Ensure that all law enforcement agencies within Orange County are providing high - quality sensitivity and racial profiling education and training; and 4. Suggest that, as the Durham Police Department does, Orange County law enforcement agencies adopt a policy of citation instead of arrest for minor traffic violations and other minor offenses. FINANCIAL IMPACT: There is no financial impact associated with receiving the report. RECOMMENDATION(S): The Manager recommends the Board receive the HRC's "Secure Communities" report and recommendations. Recommendations from the Human Relations Commission Concerning the "Secure Communities" Program in Orange County Submitted December 15, 2009 3 Introduction It is our understanding that "Secure Communities" is a mandatory program of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and will eventually be in operation in all 100 counties in North Carolina as well as in all detention centers nationwide. Since this program requires the cooperation of Orange County law enforcement officials and employees, as well as the use of county facilities and equipment, and could potentially impact the trust between Orange County law enforcement and immigrant communities, it is not unreasonable for the County Commission to request detailed data on who has been taken into ICE custody in exchange as well as making sure other safeguards are in place. What is Secure Communities and How Does it Work? Secure Communities is a Department of Homeland Security (DHS) program designed to identify immigrants in U.S. jails who are deportable under immigration law. Under Secure Communities, participating jails submit arrestees' fingerprints not only to criminal databases, but to immigration databases as well; allowing ICE access to information on individuals held in jails. Unlike other partnerships between DHS and local law enforcement, Secure Communities gives ICE a technological, not physical, presence in prisons and jails. No Memoranda of Agreement (MOAs) with local law enforcement agencies are required, and no local law enforcement agents are deputized to enforce immigration laws through Secure Communities. As of November 2009, Secure Communities is available in 81 jurisdictions in nine states. ICE plans to have a Secure Communities presence in every state by 2011, and plans to implement Secure Communities in each of the 3,100 state and local jails across the country by 2013. When an individual is booked into a . jail, his or her fingerprints are checked against the U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology Program (US- VISIT), and the Automated Biometric Identification System (IDENT), in addition to the other databases that are generally checked following an arrest. This fingerprint check allows state and local law enforcement and ICE automatically and immediately to search the databases for an individual's criminal and immigration history. If there is a database "hit," meaning that the arrested person is matched to a record indicating an immigration violation, ICE and the local law- enforcement authorities are automatically notified. ICE then evaluates each case to determine the individual's immigration status and take appropriate enforcement action. In most cases, ICE will issue a detainer against the jailed individual. A detainer is a request from ICE to the arresting agency to notify ICE before it releases the noncitizen so that ICE has the opportunity to decide whether the individual should be transferred to federal custody rather than released. 4 ICE reported that as of August 31, 2009, 82,890 fingerprint submissions_ resulted in a database match. As a result of Secure Communities, ICE had issued 16,631 detainers. (This section is excerpted from the Immigration Policy Center's November 2009 Secure Communities report, attached). HRC's methods The HRC did research that included information from the ICE website, national policy analysts, state level reports, and local data from the OC Sheriff's Department. In addition, Sheriff Pendergrass came to the October 2009 HRC meeting and answered questions about local implementation. When the following recommendations were complete, they were sent to the Sheriff for his review. He is amenable to sharing all requested data that is available through his Department. The HRC has made a series of specific recommendations, designed as a "menu of options" for the County Commission. We believe that implementation of the following recommendations will be beneficial to social justice issues in Orange County. I. Transparency and Data Collection In order to avoid creating unnecessary fear in immigrant communities, it is essential to be able to track whether or not the program is in fact prioritizing "dangerous criminal aliens" or whether it is targeting individuals who have been arrested for minor violations. Some of the relevant data is available from the Orange County Sheriffs Department, and some may need to be requested from ICE. The HRC recommends that the County Commission request that the Sheriff provide the information below that he does have and that the Sheriffs office join with the County Commission in a request to ICE to obtain the data that is not available within Orange County. The Human Relations Commission recommends that the following information be provided by the Sheriff to the County Commission and the Office of Human Rights and Human Relations on a quarterly basis. a. Number of detainees who had ICE "hits ". b. Number of detainees who were issued ICE detainer (where ICE notifies local law enforcement not to release the individual except into ICE's custody), and /or were immediately taken into ICE custody. c. What action, if any, was taken in the other cases? 5 d. What was the offense that led ICE to take action against a detainee and what Priority Level did ICE consider the offense?, e. Had a detainee been previously convicted of the stated offense or is he (she) currently accused of the offense? f. What is prior arrest history of detainees if any? g. What is their nationality and/or citizenship? h. What is their immigration status? What is their race and ethnicity? Does ICE track the outcomes of their immigration cases and can the county get that data? Pros and Cons of requesting data from the Sheriff and ICE Cons a. There is no guarantee ICE will voluntarily release the data. b. ICE may agree to release the data and then delay or not follow through. Pros a. Sheriff has already met with the HRC and has agreed to release the data available to him. b. Release of the data will bring about increased transparency and promote trust between law enforcement and the broader community. 11. Grievance and Complaint procedure We recommend that the BOCC request that a complaint procedure, modeled on the 287(g) complaint procedure, be set up to enable people to lodge complaints if their rights are violated in the enforcement of "Secure Communities" in the county. This complaint procedure would include the ability to file complaints for violations including cases where people feel that their arrest was a result of racial profiling and cases where people were detained by ICE and the arrests were not for either Level I or Level II priority crimes as outlined in the ICE priority guidelines. (A detailed definition of these terms can be found in the attached report from the Immigration Policy Center.) The complaint procedure should be available in both English and Spanish and widely disseminated, including on the county website and through the Spanish and English media. Pros — a. Enables BOCC to track whether program is being implemented correctly. 0 b. Can potentially serve to prevent abuses before they occur if ICE is aware they are being monitored. c. Creates a sense of accountability and therefore continues to build a sense of trust between the community and local law enforcement. Cons — a. May create more work for law enforcement agencies. b. May possibly create small amount of work for BOCC. c. ICE may not agree and /or may not follow through with complaints. Ill. Racial profiling prevention training With the advent of Secure Communities, the increased consequences of arrests that may involve racial profiling' makes increased vigilance necessary. In other words, while in the past an arrest following a traffic stop on the basis of racial profiling may have resulted in just a ticket and /or a fine, because the consequences of someone being arrested through racial profiling can now include deportation and the separation of families, it is essential that local law enforcement officers exercise a higher level of vigilance to prevent racial profiling from occurring. The HRC proposes that the BoCC request information from all LEAs in Orange County regarding their current training policies on racial profiling and cultural sensitivity to ensure that thorough training is being given to front -line officers. Pros: a. Thorough sensitivity training would lead to a lower chance that individuals would be detained as a result of racial profiling. b. If the community was aware of the improved training it would also increase community confidence and trust for law enforcement. Cons: a. Potential expense and time spent by officers participating if additional training is necessary. b. Law enforcement officials may see it as unnecessary and duplicative of current efforts. 1 In law enforcement settings, Racial Profiling is the use of race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion in making routine or spontaneous law enforcement decisions, except when a law enforcement agent is seeking to apprehend a specific suspect. http: /, www.aclupa. ors / takeaction/ actionalerts /endracialprofilingact.htm 7 IV. Adopt a policy of citation instead of arrest for minor traffic violations and other minor offenses Statistics both for North Carolina and nationally have shown that a high percentage of immigrants that have ended up in deportation proceedings through programs like 287(g) and Secure Communities were arrested for violations such as driving without a license and other- minor misdemeanors. Currently in North Carolina, people who lack proper immigration status cannot get driver's licenses which would mean in "Secure Communities" counties, they risk deportation while driving a vehicle to engage in activities such as grocery shopping, going to church, or taking their children to doctor's appointments, etc. We recommend that the BOCC ask local law enforcement to adopt a policy similar to that currently in place in the City of Durham as well as in other local jurisdictions. Durham Police Chief Lopez has stated publically, for example, that in cases where someone is stopped for a traffic violation and cannot produce a valid driver's license, if they can prove who they are with other types of ID. they will be issued a citation rather than being detained. This policy, while holding people responsible for driving illegally, does not subject them to the risk of deportation for doing so, since they would not be fingerprinted. While we are aware that ICE says they will prioritize the deportation of dangerous felons, there is nothing in current guidelines to prevent them from deporting individuals who arrested for minor offenses such as driving without a license. Pros: a. A non - arrest policy for minor violations would allow for appropriate punishment for minor violations while preventing undocumented individuals from being deported for minor offenses. b. This policy would also help build trust and confidence with local law enforcement in immigrant communities. Cons: a. Law enforcement could see this as interference in their work. b. This could be seen as promoting and/or at least condoning illegal activity c. May be outside the authority of the BOCc (but may not if carefully worded) It K T til { IrA i :".�" "" �' °:�• �. � — — ,.� ..^ � � , ark,: z v tW All e a ml Phi x THE SECURE COMMUNITIES PROGRAM: UNANSWERED QUESTIONS AND-CONTINUING CONCERNS NOVEMBER 2009 MICHELE WASLIN, PH.D. ABOUT SPECIAL REPORTS ON IMMIGRATION The Immigration Policy Center's Special Reports are our most in -depth publication, providing detailed analyses of special topics in U.S. immigration policy. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Michele Waslin, Ph.D., is the Senior Policy Analyst at the Immigration Policy Center. ABOUT THE IMMIGRATION POLICY CENTER The Immigration Policy Center, established in 2003, is the policy arm of the American Immigration Council. IPC's mission is to shape a rational national conversation on immigration and immigrant integration. Through its research and analysis, IPC provides policymakers, the media, and the general public with accurate information about the role of immigrants and immigration policy on U.S. society. IPC reports and materials are widely disseminated and relied upon by press and policymakers. IPC staff regularly serves as experts to leaders on Capitol Hill, opinion- makers, and the media. IPC is a non - partisan organization that neither supports nor opposes any political party or candidate for office. Visit our website at www.immiprationpolicv.ore and our blog at www.immigrationimpact.com. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVESUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 6 What is Secure Communities? ........................................................................................................ G Precursor hm Secure Communities: The 7A7hz Program ................................................................ S Secure Communities: Antidote bo2R7b/ or More of the Same? ................................................... S Prioritization or Casting a Broad Net? ............................................................................................ 9 Obstacles to Community Policing ................................................................................................. 1l Due Process and Civil Rights Concerns ......................................................................................... 12 Concerns with Program Management .......................................................................................... l3 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................. l4 RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................................... lS 2 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY What is Secure Communities? Secure Communities is a DHS program designed to identify immigrants in U.S. jails who are deportable under immigration law. Under Secure Communities, participating jails submit arrestees' fingerprints not only to criminal databases, but to immigration databases as well; allowing ICE access to information on individuals held in jails. Unlike other ICE -local partnerships, Secure Communities gives ICE a technological, not physical, presence in prisons and jails. No Memoranda of Agreement (MOAs) with local law- enforcement agencies are required, and no local law- enforcement agents are deputized to enforce immigration laws through Secure Communities. As of November 2009, Secure Communities is available in 81 iurisdictions in nine states. ICE plans to have a Secure Communities presence in every state by 2011, and plans to implement Secure Communities in each of the 3,100 state and local jails across the country by 2013. How does Secure Communities work? When an individual is booked into a jail, his or her fingerprints are checked against the U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology Program (US- VISIT), and the Automated Biometric Identification System (IDENT), in addition to the other databases that are generally checked following an arrest. This fingerprint check allows state and local law enforcement and ICE automatically and immediately to search the databases for an individual's criminal and immigration history. If there is a database "hit," meaning that the arrested person is matched to a record indicating an immigration violation, ICE and the local law- enforcement authorities are automatically notified. ICE then evaluates each case to determine the individual's immigration status and take appropriate enforcement action. In most cases, ICE will issue a detainer against the jailed individual. A detainer is a request from ICE to the arresting agency to notify ICE before it releases the noncitizen so that ICE has the opportunity to decide whether the individual should be transferred to federal custody rather than released. ICE reported that as of August 31, 2009, 82,890 fingerprint submissions resulted in a database match. As a result of Secure Communities, ICE had issued 16,631 detainers. What are the concerns about Secure Communities? Identification and prioritization. ICE claims to base action on an individual hit on the following priority order: • Level 1— Individuals who have been convicted of major drug offenses and violent offenses such as murder, manslaughter, rape, robbery, and kidnapping; • Level 2 — Individuals who have been convicted of minor drug offenses and property offenses such as burglary, larceny, fraud, and money laundering; and • Level 3 — Individuals who have been convicted of other offenses. M 12 ICE has stated that Secure Communities is focused on dangerous "Level 1" criminals, but there is concern about whether or not such prioritization is taking place. A November 2009 ICE press release announced that, since its inception, Secure Communities had identified more than 111,000 criminal aliens in local custody, of which more than 11,000 were charged with or convicted of Level 1 crimes, while more than 100,000 had been convicted of Level 2 and 3 crimes. The number of detainers on Level 1 crimes is far exceeded by detainers on Level 2 and 3 crimes. Furthermore, Secure Communities identifies immigrants charged with criminal offenses in addition to those with criminal convictions. Obstacles to community policing. Unlike the 287(g) program, Secure Communities does not require an MOA between ICE and the local jail, sheriff, or police department. Nonetheless, there are still concerns about local police being seen as immigration agents. If ICE maintains a presence —even a technological presence —in a local jail, the public will likely associate the local law- enforcement agency with immigration enforcement. Unnecessary or Prolonged Detention. The existence of a Secure Community detainer may limit an individual's ability to access a lawyer, fight criminal charges, or get out of jail on bail. Profiling and pretextual arrests. While Secure Communities is a technological identification program through which all persons arrested are fingerprinted and checked against the various databases, there is a concern that police officers working in areas that have Secure Communities in their local jails may have an incentive, or at least the ability, to make arrests based on race or ethnicity, or to make pretextual arrests of persons they suspect to be in violation of immigration laws, in order to have them run through immigration databases once they are jailed. Lack of complaint mechanisms. Given the wide range of concerns about Secure Communities, it is essential that there be a complaint or redress procedure for individuals who believe they have been erroneously identified by DHS databases or who believe a DHS detainer has been issued in error. Currently there is no clear complaint procedure for persons who believe they have been victims of an error. Lack of Oversight and Transparency. Various reports have found that ICE has an uneven track record in terms of supervising its local partnerships. As with other programs, there are concerns about the level of oversight and transparency associated with Secure Communities. Lack of Data. Muchmore data about Secure Communities and the individuals it identifies is necessary. Without accurate data, it is difficult, if not impossible, to determine how Secure Communities is being implemented or how effective it is. Recommendations In light of what is known about Secure Communities —and the experience that immigration attorneys, civil- rights organizations, and other experts have had with similar ICE programs —IPC offers the following policy recommendations. 1. ICE must reinforce its commitment to prioritize those immigrants who have been convicted of egregious felony offenses, orwho truly pose a threat to the community. 2. DHS should clarify that an immigration detainer is not the equivalent of a criminal arrest warrant or criminal detainer, and is simply a non - mandatory request that police maintain custody of an individual for a maximum of 48 hours to facilitate DHS's picking that person up. DHS should 4 13 clarify that the local jail is not authorized to detain the subject for a period exceeding 48 hours, excluding weekends and holidays. 3. ICE should be required to issue reports to Congress on a regular basis, with statistics on the crimes for which identified non - citizens are arrested, the disposition of each underlying criminal case, and the nationality and ethnicity of identified non - citizens. Jurisdictions participating in Secure Communities should be required to report their arrest and identification statistics to ICE supervisors for oversight and management purposes. 4. Congress should request that the GAO or another neutral agency conduct an audit of the Secure Communities program. The report should contain an assessment of Secure Communities goals and objectives, performance measures, supervision and oversight, data tracking, and reporting mechanisms. 5. The public should receive consistent information about the operation of Secure Communities. Public outreach, community meetings, and information - sharing should be a central element of program implementation. 6. All jurisdictions participating in Secure Communities should receive training on civil rights and illegal racial or other profiling. 7. DHS must create and implement a strong complaint and redress mechanism for individuals who believe they have been wrongly arrested, detained, or otherwise mistreated under the Secure Communities program. 8. Before expanding Secure Communities to a jurisdiction, DHS should consider the direct and indirect effects that the program could have on public safety and community policing in that jurisdiction. Secure Communities should also ensure that any jurisdiction has the option to refuse to participate in the program, and that local authorities be given instructions for opting out. INTRODUCTION 14 While the implementation by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) of the state /local partnership agreements known as the 287(g) program has been a source of great controversy, it is far from the only tool ICE uses to engage state and local law enforcement in immigration control. Most notably, the Secure Communities Program, which launched in March 2008, has been held out as a simplified model for state and local cooperation with federal immigration enforcement. Under Secure Communities, participating jurisdictions submit arrestees' fingerprints not only to criminal databases, but to immigration databases as well; allowing ICE access to information on individuals held in jails, many of whom are not necessarily subject to removal. While state and local law- enforcement officers are not making arrests for immigration violations, they are allowing ICE to tap into information about detainees and make determinations about additional ICE enforcement action. Although the program may allow ICE to identify genuine criminal threats, critics have pointed out that it suffers from many of the same problems plaguing 287(g). This paper lays out the limited information available on Secure Communities, identifies concerns raised over its operations, and makes recommendations for improving the program. What is Secure Communities? Representative David Price (D-4h /NC), chairman of the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security, has been the main proponent of a system to identify and remove "criminal aliens" from jails and prisons. According to Price, who also favors comprehensive immigration reform: No matter what one's opinion about the broader illegal immigration problem and how to address it, we should all be able to agree that ICE's highest priority should be to identify and deport unlawfully present aliens who have already shown themselves to be a danger to our communities and have been convicted of serious crimes.' The Fiscal Year (FY) 2008 appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) provided funding to "improve and modernize efforts to identify aliens convicted of a crime, sentenced to imprisonment, and who may be deportable, and remove them from the United States once they are judged deportable." The FY 2009 DHS appropriations provided $200 million for Secure Communities, which is only a small portion of the $1 billion ICE received to identify and remove immigrants with criminal convictions. The FY 2010 DHS appropriations bill contains $1.5 billion for identifying and removing criminal aliens, including $200 million for Secure Communities! In accordance with Congress's mandate, ICE launched the Secure Communities program in March 20083 to allow ICE to access local jails throughout the United States to identify immigrants subject to removal. On March 24, 2008, ICE submitted to Congress a report entitled "Secure Communities: A Comprehensive Plan to Identify and Remove Criminal Aliens." The first Executive Director of Secure Communities, David Venturella, was named on September 8, 2008. What began as a relatively small program in North Carolina and Texas° has been expanded: as of August 30, 2009, ICE reports, Secure Communities is available in 81 jurisdictions in nine states.5 ICE plans to have a Secure Communities presence in every state by 2011, and plans to implement Secure Communities in each of the 3,100 state and local jails across the country by 2013.6 ICE also recently announced plans for a pilot program in Florida which will extend to all individuals on parole or probation.' 2 15 According to ICE, the Secure Communities program is based on three "pillars ": 1. Identify criminal aliens through modernized information sharing; 2. Prioritize enforcement actions to ensure apprehension and removal of dangerous criminal aliens; and 3. Transform criminal alien enforcement processes and systems to achieve lasting results.$ Identify: Under Secure Communities, arrestees' fingerprints are automatically checked against the U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology Program (US- VISIT), and the Automated Biometric Identification System (IDENT), in addition to the other databases that are generally checked following an arrest. This fingerprint check allows state and local law enforcement and ICE automatically and immediately to search the databases for an individual's criminal and immigration history. If there is a database "hit," meaning that the arrested person is matched to a record indicating an immigration violation, ICE and the local law- enforcement authorities are automatically notified. ICE has stated that its officers will "evaluate each case to determine the individual's immigration status and take appropriate enforcement action,i9 which may mean, in most cases, that ICE will issue a detainer against the jailed individual.10 A detainer is a request from ICE that the arresting agency notify ICE before it releases the noncitizen so that ICE has the opportunity to decide whether the individual should be transferred to ICE custody rather than released." ICE reported that as of August 31, 2009, 82,890 fingerprint submissions resulted in a database match. As a result of Secure Communities, ICE had issued 16,631 detainers. 12 Prioritize: According to ICE statements and materials, Secure Communities is intended to target dangerous criminals and those who pose threats to public safety. Accordingly, ICE initially based action on an individual hit on the following priority order: ➢ Level 1— Individuals who have been convicted of major drug offenses and violent offenses such as murder, manslaughter, rape, robbery, and kidnapping; ➢ Level 2 — Individuals who have been convicted of minor drug offenses and property offenses such as burglary, larceny, fraud, and money laundering; and ➢ Level 3 — Individuals who have been convicted of other offenses. 13 It is notable that resisting an officer is a Level 1 crime, and traffic offenses are included within Level 2. Immigration offenses are Level 3.14 This priority system caused a great deal of concern among immigrant advocates and others who have pointed out that ICE had no articulated mechanism for ensuring that Level 1 offenses were in fact prioritized, or how resources would be allocated among the three levels. Furthermore, Level 3 was exceedingly broad, and could have included large numbers of individuals who do not really fit into ICE's stated goal of targeting dangerous criminals and threats. Finally, the first descriptions of the priority levels stressed convictions, yet fingerprints are checked through Secure Communities at the point of detention, not conviction, and detainers may be issued pre - conviction. As of late summer 2009, ICE's online Secure Communities fact sheet no longer refers to a three -level prioritization system. Rather, the updated fact sheet refers to a "risk -based approach" that prioritizes 7 W-1 criminal aliens for enforcement actions and removal based on their threat to public safety. According to the September 1, 2009, Secure Communities Fact Sheet: ICE will focus its efforts on the most dangerous criminal aliens currently charged with, or previously convicted of, the most serious criminal offenses. ICE will give priority to those offenses including, crimes involving national security, homicide, kidnapping, assault, robbery, sex offenses, and narcotics violations carrying sentences of more than one year. 15 However, the Memorandum of Agreement between ICE and state identification bureaus, as well as ICE's Secure Communities Standard Operating Procedures, continue to refer to the three priority levels. 16 These documents also list the crimes included in each level. Transform: Through Secure Communities, ICE hopes to transform "the way the federal government cooperates with state and local law enforcement agencies to identify, detain, and remove all criminal aliens held in custody," and thus optimize capacity and efficiency. Unlike other ICE -local partnerships, Secure Communities gives ICE a technological, not physical, presence in prisons and jails. No Memoranda of Agreement (MOAs) with local law- enforcement agencies are required, and no local law - enforcement agents are deputized to enforce immigration laws through Secure Communities. However, MOAs between DHS and state identification bureaus are necessary. Local jails must have digital fingerprint equipment in order to participate in the program. Typically, local law- enforcement agencies do not submit fingerprints directly to federal databases (such as FBI databases), but do so through their state identification bureaus. According to Rep. Price: Secure Communities offers a productive approach for Federal immigration agents to work closely with State and local law enforcement while distinguishing the traditional Federal role of enforcing immigration law from the local role of prosecuting criminal violations. We have heard from many law enforcement and community groups about the importance of keeping a bright line between immigration enforcement and local community policing, and the Secure Communities program does just that." While some may claim that Secure Communities. is an improvement over other federal -local partnerships such as the 287(g) program,"' this new program still faces many of the same criticisms and problems as 287(g). Thus, to understand Secure Communities, we must first review its predecessor, the 287(g) program. Precursor to Secure Communities: The 287(g) Program Section 133 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA), also known as section 287(g) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), created a new method to engage state and local police in the enforcement of federal immigration law. Section 287(g) allows the Secretary of Homeland Security to enter into agreements that delegate immigration powers to local police, but only through negotiated agreements that are documented in MOAs.19 While there is strong support in some sectors for the 287(8) program, there has also been strong opposition from across the political spectrum: advocates for victims of domestic abuse, faith -based organizations, conservatives, immigrant- rights groups, elected officials, and law- enforcement officials. Criticism generally falls into three categories: the increased potential for costly mistakes and discrimination, the strain on already - limited police resources, and the harmful impact on community relations and community policing. 8 17 ➢ Mistakes, profiling, discrimination, and litigation. Critics argue that involving local police in immigration law- enforcement activities is likely to lead to mistakes, racial profiling, discrimination, and costly litigation. Immigration law is extremely complex and subject to constant change, and documents used to prove immigration status are not uniform. Even with extensive training and experience, mistakes are very likely, and legal immigrants and U.S. citizens can be the victims of costly errors.20 ➢ Stretching limited resources. The terrorist attacks of 9/11 and consequent security concerns placed a large fiscal burden on already overburdened cities, counties, and states. Respondents to a 2008 survey of law- enforcement executives ranked resources as their highest agency concern, followed by staffing.21 New policies encouraging or requiring state and local police departments to enforce civil immigration law add to the strain on resources. Training, arrest, processing, detention, and transport all require additional officer time, supervision, and money. Time spent processing immigration violations is also potentially time away from emergency responses, criminal investigations, and other critical needs.22 ➢ Immigrants' fear of cooperating with the police makes everyone less safe. The mere suggestion that local police may have the authority to enforce immigration law sends a chill through Latino and immigrant communities, resulting in decreased willingness to cooperate with law enforcement, to report crimes, or to come forward as witnesses.23 Fear is not limited to immigrants in violation of immigration law: millions are affected when law- enforcement officers, who may be untrained in immigration law, stop and question Latinos and other Americans who "look" or "sound" like they might be foreign. As a result of potential mistakes, discrimination, and profiling, the trust and communication built between the police and large segments of the community erode. Secure Communities: Antidote to 287(g) or More of the Same? Because Secure Communities is an information - sharing program and does not employ or deputize agents to enforce immigration laws, it arguably eliminates many of the most controversial aspects of the 287(g) program. In a Secure Communities jurisdiction, local police officers are not deputized by ICE to initiate and perform immigration- enforcement activities, nor are they authorized to make arrests for violations of civil immigration law. Consequently, concerns about misapplication of immigration law, profiling, resource management, and community relations would be expected to decrease. However,, early anecdotal data suggest otherwise. Prioritization or Casting a Broad Net? While ICE claims that Secure Communities is intended to identify immigrants who have been convicted of crimes, there is evidence that persons who have not been convicted of any crime have been targeted through the program. Although ICE has stated that Secure Communities is focused on violent or dangerous "Level 1" criminals, there is concern about whether or not such prioritization is taking place. At an April 2009 hearing, David Venturella, Executive Director of Secure Communities, testified that from October 2008 through February 2009 ICE had processed more than 117,000 fingerprint submissions, resulting in the identification of more than 12,000 "criminal aliens," only 862 of whom (7.2 %) were charged or convicted of Level 1 offenses. Those 862 had either already been removed or were in removal proceedings.24 Venturella did not state the nature of the offenses of the remaining individuals identified through the system, nor whether they had been placed in removal proceedings. A November 2009 ICE press release announced that, since its inception, Secure Communities had identified more than 111,000 criminal aliens in local custody, of which more than 11,000 were charged W 18 with or convicted of Level 1 crimes, while more than 100,000 had been convicted of Level 2 and 3 crimes. zs Questions remain about how ICE is prioritizing persons convicted of Level 1 offenses over persons arrested for Level 2 or 3 offenses. Certainly the number of detainers on Level 1 crimes is far exceeded by detainers on Level 2 and 3 crimes. The prioritization process appears to come down to resources — whether the local ICE office has the personnel and resources available to respond to all database hits, or only has the personnel and resources to respond to a smaller number of higher priority hits. Past efforts to prioritize violent offenders have met with little success. A September 2009 report by the Warren Institute on Race, Ethnicity, and Diversity at the University of California, Berkeley documents ICE's Criminal Alien Program (CAP) in Irving, Texas over a 15 -month period. Similar to Secure Communities, CAP focuses on identifying removable immigrants within federal, state, and local prisons and jails. 26 The report finds, however, that ICE has failed to target serious criminal immigrants for deportation.27 The data show that over the 15 -month period studied, only 2% of all the detainers issued by ICE were for individuals charged with felony offenses. Misdemeanors accounted for 98% of detainers issued.28 A 2009 report by the Migration Policy Institute (MPI) examined ICE's Fugitive Operations Teams (FOTs), which were created to locate and detain fugitive immigrants who pose a threat to the nation or the community or who have a violent criminal history. MPI found that while the number of immigrants apprehended by FOTs has increased, they have netted fewer violent criminals and arrested greater numbers of unauthorized immigrants with no criminal history. Specifically, MPI found that 73% of the individuals apprehended by FOTs had no criminal convictions.29 In 2007, fugitives with criminal convictions represented just 9% of total FOT arrests.30 Many of these individuals were "ordinary status violators" — individuals which the FOTs believe are unauthorized or in violation of immigration laws, but who have not been charged with anything. The number of ordinary status violators detained by FOTs increased in 2006 when ICE instituted a quota system requiring agents to arrest a certain number of immigrants during a specified time period. Ordinary status violators now constitute approximately 40% of all FOT arrests.al In North Carolina, a report on the state's 287(g) program found that, while the 287(g) partnership program with DHS was intended to target immigrants convicted of violent crimes, human smuggling, gang/organized crime activity, sexual- related offenses, narcotics smuggling, and money laundering, the federal /local partnerships are actually being used to "purge towns and cities of 'unwelcome' immigrants. i32 During May 2008, 83% of the immigrants arrested by officers deputized to perform immigration enforcement duties in Gaston County, NC were charged with traffic violations.as In summary, DHS's track record on prioritizing violent criminals is far from stellar, leaving much doubt about ICE's compliance with the stated intentions of the Secure Communities program. Furthermore, there is concern about the point at which immigrants are identified in the process. Secure Communities' materials originally claimed to focus on convicted criminals. However, subsequent information and data from ICE have shown otherwise. Venturella stated that of the more than 12,000 "criminal aliens" identified in a five -month period, only 7.2% were charged or convicted of Level 1 offenses.35 The mere mention of those "charged" with offenses raised eyebrows because of ICE's claim that Secure Communities was focused on individuals with convictions.36 Even Rep. Price expressed concerns, pointing out that "in 2007, the number of individuals ICE deported because they crossed the border illegally or overstayed their visas was 91 percent higher than in 2003, while the number of criminal aliens identified for deportation by the agency rose by only 16 percent.i37 10 19 Rather than changing the program to focus strictly on convicted criminals, ICE has since changed the Secure Communities Fact Sheet, which now reflects a broader definition of those being targeted. The September 1, 2009, fact sheet, as well as other press releases and documents, states that "ICE is focusing efforts first and foremost on the most dangerous criminal aliens currently charged with, or previously convicted of, the most serious criminal offenses ."38 Thus it appears that ICE has changed the stated objectives of the program and is no longer targeting only convicted criminals. Immigrants who are booked in jails, regardless of the outcome of the predicate charges, can and will be identified through Secure Communities and moved into ICE custody. Obstacles to Community Policing Similar to the 287(g) program, Secure Communities raises questions about local police authorities' ability to build strong, trusting relationships with their communities. If a police agency cannot assure its immigrant community that there will be no immigration consequences to providing information or cooperating with police, immigrants will be less likely to come forward to report crimes, making the job of police more difficult. Many localities and police agencies have determined that it is in their best interest to provide such assurances to immigrant communitie's.39 But like the 287(8) program, Secure Communities has the potential to erode the ability of police to make these kinds of assurances to their communities. Unlike the 287(g) program, Secure Communities does not require an MCA between ICE and the local jail, sheriff, or police department. Nonetheless, many of the concerns voiced by police associations regarding the potential reluctance of immigrant communities to cooperate with the police remain. If ICE maintains a presence —even a technological presence —in a local jail, the public will likely associate the local law- enforcement agency with immigration enforcement. Furthermore, it is unclear exactly how ICE has approached local authorities to participate in the program, and whether any localities have declined. The Secure Communities MCA is between DHS and the state identification bureaus, which act as a conduit through which information from local law - enforcement agencies is sent to federal agencies. According to the Secure Communities Standard Operating Procedures, local law- enforcement agencies submit the fingerprints to the state identification bureau, which then forwards the prints to the Department of Justice (DOJ), which then sends the fingerprints to both the FBI crime databases and immigration databases.40 This raises questions about whether local law- enforcement agencies may be unknowingly submitting fingerprints to Secure Communities through the state agency. It is also unclear whether a local law - enforcement agency in a state with a Secure Communities MCA could opt out of Secure Communities. Theoretically, to opt out, a locality would have to enter into a separate agreement with the state to separate out its fingerprint batches and initiate a separate process for them to be sent to the DOJ and forwarded only to-non- immigration crime databases to search for matches. There is certainly more to be learned about the relationship between the state identification bureaus and local law- enforcement agencies and the process by which they submit data to federal databases. Given ICE's stated intention to eventually install the system in all state and local detention facilities nationwide, it is unclear whether the program will be mandatory or optional for all law- enforcement agencies, or if there are penalties for law- enforcement agencies that opt not to participate. Thus Secure Communities raises serious questions about the relationship between federal and local law - enforcement agencies, and about a local community's ability to weigh in on important decisions affecting the community. 11 Due Process and Civil Rights Concerns 20 ➢ unnecessary or Prolonged Detention. If Secure Communities results in a database "hit," meaning the person in custody matches a record with an immigration violation, ICE can evaluate the case and decide to impose a detainer on the individual. This detainer is a request from ICE that local authorities not release the arrestee without notifying ICE, and ICE can put a 48 -hour hold (not counting weekends and holidays) on the individual after he or she would normally be released from criminal custody (e.g. released on bail, recognizance, completion of sentence, or dismissal of charges) and proceed with removal proceedings .4' However, many jails and police departments treat an ICE detainer as a requirement that the individual not be released, and therefore deny bond in his or her criminal case, misdemeanor, or traffic violation. It may be more difficult for persons with ICE detainers to defend themselves against charges that have been made. It may also mean that when an unauthorized immigrant is arrested but subsequently found innocent of the predicate offense, or when charges have been dropped, the immigrant remains in jail until ICE takes action. Furthermore, ICE often violates the 48 -hour detainer time limit and immigrants remain jailed, unable to challenge the underlying charges or the immigration detainer. Perhaps most problematic, there are no mechanisms for an arrested person with a detainer to challenge ICE on the grounds that the detainer was issued in error.az In addition, reports suggest that when ICE takes custody of arrested individuals, it is more difficult for them to exercise their right to go to criminal court and challenge their criminal charges. It may also mean that individuals who would otherwise be released are ineligible for release on bail. In addition to raising obvious due - process problems, this causes courts to issue warrants of arrest or judgments of conviction. This in turn makes the individuals ineligible for future immigration benefits. ➢ Profiling and pretextual arrests. ICE claims that Secure Communities does not lead to racial /ethnic profiling because Secure Communities is simply a technological identification program through which all persons arrested are fingerprinted and checked against the various databases. Since Secure Communities does not employ agents or deputize local agents, and since Secure Communities is not involved in the actual arrests of individuals or the detainer and removal process, Secure Communities does not pose the possibility for racial /ethnic profiling. However, there is a concern that police officers working in areas that have Secure Communities in their local jails may have an incentive, or at least the ability, to make arrests based on race or ethnicity, or to make pretextual arrests of persons they suspect to be in violation of immigration laws, in order to have them run through immigration databases once they are jailed.43 While there is not sufficient data on areas where Secure Communities has been implemented to determine whether or not profiling has taken place, a pattern of profiling and pretextual arrests has precedent in other jail -based programs. The September 2009 report by the Warren Institute examining ICE's Criminal Alien Program (CAP), which screens individuals in prisons, found that discretionary arrests of Hispanics for petty offenses, particularly minor traffic offenses, rose dramatically in Irving, Texas after the CAP program in the local jail was expanded. 44 As more data becomes available, researchers will be able to look for similar patterns in states and jurisdictions that participate in Secure Communities. ➢ Lack of complaint mechanisms. Given the wide range of concerns about Secure Communities, particularly this early in its implementation, the lack of any designated complaint process is a major weakness in the program. Nothing in the public materials ICE has released provide for a complaint or redress procedure for individuals who believe they have been erroneously 12 21 identified by DHS databases or who believe a DHS detainer has been issued in error. Nor is there a complaint procedure for persons who believe they have been wrongly arrested.45 Concerns with Program Management ➢ Lack of Oversight and Transparency. Secure Communities is still in its early stages, so it is difficult to assess the level of oversight and transparency that the program will support. Once again, the 287(g) experience is worth reviewing: A Government Accountability Office (GAO) review of the 287 (g) program found that oversight was severely lacking. Richard Stana, GAO Director of Homeland Security and Justice, testified before the House Committee on Homeland Security in March 2009 that: [287(8)] program objectives have not been documented in any program- related materials, guidance on how and when to use program authority is inconsistent, guidance on how ICE officials are to supervise officers from participating agencies has not been developed, data that participating agencies are to track and report to ICE has not been defined, and performance measures to track and evaluate progress toward meeting program objectives have not been developed. Taken together, the lack of internal controls makes it difficult for ICE to ensure that the program is operating as intended . 46 A 2009 report on the 287(g) program by Justice Strategies similarly found that ICE has a very uneven track record of supervising the 287(g) MOAs.47 In most cases, ICE personnel do not directly oversee the deputized agents or 287(g) arrests. There are also concerns about DHS's management of the large and growing immigration- detention system. There have been many disturbing reports of poor detention conditions and a growing number of detainee deaths. Because of poor management of other programs, questions have arisen regarding DHS's ability to manage the growing Secure Communities program and the numerous detainees involved. In July 2009, DHS announced modifications to the 287(g) program designed to address these concerns."$ However, to date, ICE has not issued regulations governing the implementation of Secure Communities. Furthermore, the fact sheets and press releases that DHS has issued do not include any requirements for data collection, audits, or oversight ➢ Lack of Data. Without accurate data, it is difficult, if not impossible, to determine how Secure Communities is being implemented or how effective it is. The materials ICE has published to date do not mention any record - keeping requirements or procedures. Needed are statistics on the crimes for which identified non - citizens are arrested, the disposition of the underlying criminal case, and the nationality and ethnicity of those identified. A further complication is the existence of multiple ICE programs in a state or locality. For example, one locality can participate in Secure Communities, have a 287(g) MOA, and participate in the Criminal Alien Program or any of the other ICE ACCESS community partnerships with ICE. If an inmate has a detainer, it is impossible to determine if the detainer is the result of Secure Communities or another program, or if the individual simply confessed to an immigration- status violation, making it extremely difficult to determine the effectiveness of any one program or initiative. 13 CONCLUSION 22 While the Secure Communities program is intended to identify and remove immigrants in local jails with criminal convictions, experience and data from similar ICE enforcement programs indicate that Secure Communities is likely to run into familiar criticisms about prioritization, profiling, community policing, due process, and program management. Research has shown that other ICE programs designed to prioritize violent criminals and threats to the community have resulted in the identification and deportation of more non - criminal immigrants than immigrants with criminal histories. Rather than re -tool the program to truly focus on the most dangerous criminals, ICE has broadened its language to include persons simply charged with crimes of any kind. The mechanism for identifying individual immigrants for ICE action means that every person booked into a local jail will be screened. While this appears to eliminate the possibility of racial and ethnic profiling, experience has demonstrated that once such immigration programs are put into place, the likelihood of pretextual arrests increases, as police seek to expand the universe of individuals to be screened. While Secure Communities aims to transform the relationship between local police and federal authorities (ICE), the fact that Secure Communities does not include an MOA to deputize local police officers does not alleviate the fear and mistrust of the police that immigrant communities experience when immigration- enforcement activity is conducted at local jails. Concerns about pretextual arrests, profiling, and an ICE presence in the jails is likely to result in a community that is hesitant to cooperate with the police, report crimes, or share important information. In this sense, Secure Communities may make the job of local police more difficult. Furthermore, there are serious due - process concerns surrounding the issuance of ICE detainers. The fact that individuals may be unable to seek justice or may be detained for long periods of time should raise red flags in the legal and civil- rights communities, as well as for the general public interested in preserving Constitutional rights. The lack of a functioning complaint mechanism for those who feel they have been wronged only underscores the need to revisit Secure Communities' policies and procedures, as well as ICE's detainer procedures. Finally, ICE's less- than -ideal management and oversight track record poses serious concerns about the agency's ability to oversee Secure Communities. The seeming lack of data collection and transparency only makes it more difficult to evaluate the program, either to confirm or dismiss criticism from advocates and the public. ICE has recently engaged in outreach and communication with immigrant - advocacy groups and others, and has made some key documents and information public. This is a good sign that ICE intends to be open and transparent about Secure Communities. However, the program must still be carefully monitored and evaluated. In light of what is known about Secure Communities — and the experience that immigration attorneys, civil- rights organizations, and other experts have had with similar ICE programs —IPC offers the following policy recommendations. 14 23 RECOMMENDATIONS 1. ICE must reinforce its commitment to prioritize those immigrants who have been convicted of egregious felony offenses, or who truly pose a threat to the community, by issuing strict guidelines that include: Secure Communities should not be focused on individuals convicted of non - felony offenses. Secure Communities screening should take place upon conviction, not during the pre - conviction stage. 2. DHS should clarify that an immigration detainer is not the equivalent of a criminal arrest warrant or criminal detainer, and is simply a non - mandatory request that police maintain custody of an individual for a maximum of 48 hours to facilitate DHS's picking that person up. DHS should clarify that the local jail is not authorized to detain the subject for a period exceeding 48 hours, excluding weekends and holidays. 3. ICE should be required to issue reports to Congress on a regular basis, with statistics on the crimes for which identified non - citizens are arrested, the disposition of each underlying criminal case, and the nationality and ethnicity of identified non - citizens. Jurisdictions participating in Secure Communities should be required to report their arrest and identification statistics to ICE supervisors for oversight and management purposes. 4. Congress should request that the GAO or another neutral agency conduct an audit of the Secure Communities program. The report should contain an assessment of Secure Communities goals and objectives, performance measures, supervision and oversight, data tracking, and reporting mechanisms. It is important that officials overseeing the Secure Communities program review the GAO report on 287(g) and make every effort to ensure that this vast new national program be properly defined, documented, evaluated, and supervised. Given the documented shortcomings of the 287(g) and CAP programs, mechanisms should be put into place on the front end, and not delayed until another damaging report is issued on the failures of Secure Communities. 5. The public should receive consistent information about the operation of Secure Communities. Public outreach, community meetings, and information- sharing should be a central element of program implementation. 6. All jurisdictions participating in Secure Communities should receive training on civil rights and illegal racial or other profiling. 7. DHS must create and implement a strong complaint and redress mechanism for individuals who believe they have been wrongly arrested, detained, or otherwise mistreated under the Secure Communities program. 8. Before expanding Secure Communities to a jurisdiction, DHS should consider the direct and indirect effects that the program could have on public safety and community policing in that jurisdiction. Secure Communities should also ensure that any jurisdiction has the option to refuse to participate in the program, and that local authorities be given instructions for opting out. 15 Endnotes 24 1 Rep. David Price, "Homeland Security Challenges Facing the Next Administration," speech at the Center for American Progress (CAP) Action Fund, Washington, DC, June 23, 2008. 2 U.S. Congress, FY2010 Conference Summary: Homeland Security Appropriations October 7, 2009. 3 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, "News Release: ICE unveils sweeping new plan to target criminal aliens in iails nationwide." March 28, 2008. 4 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, "News Release: Harris County Sheriff's Office first of several sites in the nation to receive full interoDerabilitv technology to help identify criminal aliens," October 29, 2008. s U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, "Secure Communities: Deployment," updated September 24, 2009. e U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, "News Release: Secretary Napolitano and ICE Assistant Secretary Morton announce that the Secure Communities Initiative identified more than 110,000 criminal aliens in its first ear " November 12, 2009. 7 Testimony of David Venturella, Executive Director, Secure Communities, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, before the House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Homeland Security, April 2, 2009. 8 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, "Secure Communities: Deployment," updated September 24, 2009. 9 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Fact Sheet: Secure Communities, March 28, 2008. A more recent description is Secure Communities Fact Sheet, September 1, 2009. 10 Note that Secure Communities does not issue the detainer. Secure Communities is a technology that identifies the individual. Other ICE officers must then take over the removal process after the identification is made. 11 8 CFR 287.7(a) and 8 CFR 287.7(d). 12 See U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, "Secure Communities: Deployment," updated September 24, 2009. 13 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Fact Sheet: Secure Communities, March 28, 2008. The levels are also described in the Memorandum of Agreement Between U.S. Department of Homeland Security Immigration and Customs Enforcement. And /State identification Bureau7. 14 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Memorandum of Agreement Between U.S. Department of Homeland Security Immigration and Customs Enforcement And (State Identification Bureau!. is U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Secure Communities Fact Sheet September 1, 2009. 16 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Memorandum ofAareement Between U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Immigration and Customs Enforcement And /State Identification Bureau7 and Secure Communities Standard Operating Procedures. 17 Rep. David Price, "Statement on Passage of FY2010 Appropriations," July 25, 2009. 18 For information, see Immigration Policy Center, Local Enforcement of Immigration Laws Throuah the 287(8) Program: Time, Money, and Resources Don't Add Up to Community Safety " April 1, 2009. 19 See U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, "Fact Sheet: Delegation of immigration Authority Section 287 " May 19, 2009. After significant criticism of the program, DHS recently announced that it has standardized the MOA and is renegotiating all current MOAs. DHS also announced that it expanded the 287(g) program to 11 additional jurisdictions. See Department of Homeland Security, "Press Release: Secretary Napolitano Announces New Agreement for State and Local Immigration Enforcement Partnerships & Adds 11 New Agreements," July 10, 2009. 20 For example, see Suzanne Gamboa, "Citizens Held as Illegal Immigrants," Associated Press, April 12, 2009; "Native Was Threatened with Deportation," Associated Press, September 1, 2007. 21 Anita Khashu, The Role of Local Police: Striking a Balance Between Immigration Enforcement and Civil Liberties (Washington, DC: Police Foundation, April 2009), p. 26. 22 See Ryan Gabrielson, "Public Safety Shortchanged Throughout County," East Valley Tribune, July 12, 2008. 23 For example, see American Civil Liberties Union of North Carolina Legal Foundation and Immigration & Human Rights Polity Clinic of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, The Policies and Politics of Local Immigration Enforcement Laws: 287(a) Program in North Carolina February 2009; Aarti Shahani and Judith Greene, Local Democracy on ICE. Why State and Local Governments Have No Business in Federal Immigration Law Enforcement (Brooklyn, NY: Justice Strategies, February 2009). 24 Testimony of David Venturella, Executive Director, Secure Communities, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, before the House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Homeland Security, April 2, 2009. W 25 25 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, "News Release: Secretary Napolitano and ICE Assistant Secretary Morton announce that the Secure Communities Initiative identified more than 110,000 criminal aliens in its first year." November 12, 2009. 26 http://www.ice-gov/partners/dro/iceaccess.htm 27 Trevor Gardner II and Aarti Kohli, The C.A.P. Effect: Racial Profiling in the ICE Criminal Alien Program (Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley Law School, September 2009). 28 Ibid. 29 Margot Mendelson, Shayna Strom, and Michael Wishnie, Collateral Damage: An Examination of ICE's Fugitive Operations Program (Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, February 2009). 30 Ibid. 31 Ibid. 32 American Civil Liberties Union of North Carolina Legal Foundation and Immigration & Human Rights Policy Clinic of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, The Policies and Politics of Local immigration Enforcement Laws: 287(a) Proaram in North Carolina February 2009. 33 Ibid. 34 From U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, "News Release: ICE unveils sweeping new plan to target criminal aliens in iails nationwide." March 28, 2008: "Initiative aims to identify and remove criminal aliens from all U.S. jails and prisons." 35 Testimony of David Venturella, Executive Director, Secure Communities, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, before the House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Homeland Security, April 2, 2009. 36 National Immigration Law Center, More Questions Than Answers about the Secure Communities Program (Washington, DC: March 2009). 37 Rep. David Price, "Homeland Security Challenges Facing the Next Administration," speech at the Center for American Progress (CAP) Action Fund, Washington, DC, June 23, 2008. 38 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Secure Communities Fact Sheet, September 1, 2009. 39 Lynn Tramonte, Debunking the Myth of "Sanctuary Cities." Community Policing Policies Protect American Communities (Washington, DC: Immigration Policy Center, March 2009) 40 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Memorandum of Agreement Between U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Immigration and Customs Enforcement And %State identification Bureau]. 41 8 CFR 287.7(a) and 8 CFR 287.7(d). 42 National Immigration Law Center, More Questions Than Answers about the Secure Communities Program (Washington, DC: March 2009). 43 See James C. McKinley, "Debate Intensifies over Deportations." New York Times, July 25, 2009. 44 Trevor Gardner II and Aarti Kohli, The C.A.P. Effect: Racial Profiling in the ICE Criminal Alien Program (Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley Law School, September 2009). 45 National Immigration Law Center, More Questions Than Answers about the Secure Communities Program (Washington, DC: March 2009). 46 U.S. Government Accountability Office, immigration Enforcement: Controls over Program Authorizing State and Local Enforcement of Federal Immigration Laws Should Be Strengthened GAO- 09 -381T, March 4, 2009. 47 Aarti Shahani and Judith Greene, Local Democracy on ICE: Why State and Local Governments Have No Business in Federal Immigration Law Enforcement (Brooklyn, NY: Justice Strategies, February 2009). 48 Department of Homeland Security, "Press Release: Secretary Napolitano Announces New Agreement for State and Local Immigration Enforcement Partnerships & Adds 11 New Agreements " July 10, 2009. 17